rivedere Italian · revision 38481

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=borrowing|attested=1219|origins=la videō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ri.veˈde.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rivedere''' (first-person singular present rivédo, first-person singular past historic rivìdi, past participle rivìsto or (less popular) rivedùto, first-person singular future rivedrò, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ DELI, GRADIT, Devoto–Oli and Sabatini–Coletti take it as [[bor|la|revideō|t=to see again; to revisit]], formed from [[m|la|re-|t=again]] and [[m|la|videō|t=to see]];^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(GDLI) DELI and the GDLI call it a learned word.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(GDLI) Wiktionary treats it as inherited from the same verb.^(Wiktionary) Nocentini sees it instead as an Italian formation, [[af|it|ri-|vedere]], and [[fr|revoir]] and [[es|rever]] as parallel formations made independently.^(Nocentini 2010) Devoto speaks of the Latin verb crossed with the Italian prefix, and Prati leaves both possibilities open.^(Devoto 1968)^(Prati 1951|845)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ GRADIT dates the first record to 1219.^(GRADIT 2003) DELI's earliest dated sense is “to check, verify”, in a statute of the commune of Montagutolo of 1280, and before 1292 Bono Giamboni uses it for “to go over again” and, in the reflexive, for people meeting again.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The senses “to examine again in order to correct” (late 13th century, the ''Novellino'') and “to see or meet again” (Dante, 1300–1313, Iacopone before 1306) followed.^(DELI 1999) Iacopone's blind man begs “Meser, ch'eo revegia luce” (“Lord, that I may see the light again”), and the last line of Dante's ''Inferno'', “E quindi uscimmo a riveder le stelle” (“and thence we came out to see the stars again”), lies behind ''rivedere il sole'' or ''le stelle'', to come out into the open and, figuratively, to be free again.^(GDLI)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ The saying ''ci rivedremo a Filippi'' (“we shall meet again at Philippi”) recalls the threat of the evil spirit that appeared to Brutus before his defeat, as Plutarch tells it.^(DELI 1999) The leave-taking formula ''a rivederci'' became the interjection [[arrivederci]] (1533), and the proverb ''chi non muore si rivede'' greets someone not seen for a long time.^(Nocentini 2010)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)^(GRADIT 2003) ''Rivedere le bucce a qualcuno'' means to search someone's work for faults;^(DELI 1999)^(Zingarelli 2010) Tommaseo used it in 1846 when a journal called ''Rivista'' criticised him.^(DELI 1999)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ The noun [[rivista]], from the past participle, first meant the act of looking over something (1618); in the senses “military review” and “periodical” it follows [[fr|revue]], which took the second from the title of Defoe's English ''Review''.^(DELI 1999) The adjective [[rivedibile]] (1865) was used of a conscript found temporarily unfit and sent back to the next call-up.^(DELI 1999) Modern uses add rereading to understand or remember (1959) and adjusting prices (1965).^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1219 – First record.^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * 1280 – “To check, verify” in a statute of Montagutolo.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses “to go over again” and the reflexive “to meet again”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Late 13th century – The ''Novellino'' uses it for revising in order to correct.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1300–1313 – Dante uses “to see again”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1533 – ''Arrivederci'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1618 – The noun ''rivista'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1865 – ''Rivedibile'' appears in a military dictionary.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1959 – The sense “to reread in order to understand or remember” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|see]] again: ''Stasera voglio rivedere quel documentario sugli squali.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To meet again; also in leave-taking formulas and threats: ''Speriamo di rivederci prima dell'estate.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # To return to a place after an absence: ''Dopo dieci anni all'estero ha rivisto il suo paese.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # To see again in the mind, to [[m|en|recall]] vividly; to recognise someone in a person who resembles them.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # To get back something lent or lost, usually in the negative.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # To reread, [[m|en|revise]] for study: ''Prima dell'esame rivedo tutti i capitoli.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # To examine again in order to check, correct or change: a text, a contract, an opinion, the accounts.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # To [[m|en|overhaul]] a machine or an installation.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # ''(medicine)'' To examine a patient again.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(reciprocal, rivedersi)'' To meet each other again.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[arrivederci]]

+ * [[rivista]]

+ * [[rivedibile]]

+ * [[rivedibilità]]

+ * [[riveduta]]

+ * [[riveditore]]

+ * [[rivedimento]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[revisione]]

+ * [[vedere]]

+ * [[la|revideō]]

+ * [[fr|revoir]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The past participle is ''rivisto'', the usual form in speech and in the sense “seen again”, or ''riveduto'', used mainly in the sense “revised”.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) The auxiliary is ''avere''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}