resistere Italian · revision 38478

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=13th century, Storie de Troia et de Roma|origins=ine-pro *steh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /reˈzis.te.re/, /reˈsis.te.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''resistere''' (first-person singular present resìsto, first-person singular past historic resistétti or (traditional) resistètti or resistéi, past participle resistìto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|resistō|t=to stop; to stand firm, resist]], a learned word, formed from [[m|la|re-]] and [[m|la|sistō|t=to cause to stand; to stop]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(DEI|3232) DELI, GRADIT and the GDLI take the prefix as intensive, Wiktionary as “back”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(GDLI)^(Wiktionary) The same Latin verb gave [[fr|résister]] (1350) and [[es|resistir]].^(DEI|3232)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ Latin “sistō” is a reduplicated present of the root of [[m|la|stō|t=to stand]]: [[itc-pro|*sistō]], from [[ine-pro|*stísteh₂ti]], from [[m|ine-pro|*steh₂-|t=to stand]], like [[grc|ἵστημι|tr=hístēmi|t=to make stand]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is in the 13th-century ''Storie de Troia et de Roma'': “Li Troiani non porraco resistere contra de li Greci” (“the Trojans could not hold out against the Greeks”), in the sense of standing firm against a force without being overcome.^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From holding out the verb widened to “to oppose” (Dante, 1304–1308) and to “to last without being harmed” (Boccaccio, before 1375).^(DELI 1999) The participle [[resistente]] is recorded about 1336 in Boccaccio, and [[resistenza]], from Late Latin ''resistentia'' (Augustine, before 430), before 1348 in Giovanni Villani.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ The noun spread into the vocabulary of the sciences: in physics a force opposed to motion (before 1600, Giordano Bruno), electrical resistance (1884), probably modelled on English ''resistance''.^(DELI 1999) ''Resistenza'' in the political and military sense is a calque of French ''résistance'', first used in France for the movement against the Vichy government and the German occupation.^(DELI 1999) [[resistore]] (1941) is an adaptation of English ''resistor''.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Before 430 – Augustine uses Late Latin ''resistentia''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 13th century – First record, in the ''Storie de Troia et de Roma''.^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI)

+ * 1304–1308 – Dante uses it for “to oppose”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * c. 1336 – Boccaccio uses ''resistente''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1348 – Giovanni Villani uses ''resistenza''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1350 – [[fr|résister]] is recorded.^(DEI|3232)

+ * Before 1375 – Boccaccio uses it for “to last without harm”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1884 – ''Resistenza elettrica'' appears in a book title.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1941 – ''Resistore'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|resist]] a force or an attack, to hold out: ''La guarnigione resistette per tre settimane all'assedio.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To oppose someone's will, demands or pressure; not to give in to someone's charm.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To hold back an impulse or desire: ''Non sono riuscito a resistere a un'altra fetta di torta.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # To [[m|en|endure]] a hard or unpleasant situation: ''Con questo caldo non si resiste.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # Of things, to [[m|en|withstand]] a physical force or agent: ''Queste piastrelle resistono al gelo.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To last over time without losing value.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ # ''(sports)'' To hold off the attack of the opposing team.^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[resistente]]

+ * [[resistenza]]

+ * [[resistività]]

+ * [[resistore]]

+ * [[resistibile]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[esistere]]

+ * [[stare]]

+ * [[la|resistō]]

+ * [[fr|résister]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The past historic has both ''resistei'' and ''resistetti''; the auxiliary is ''avere''.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(GDLI)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}