guadagnare Italian · revision 38439

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=borrowing|attested=late 12th century, Proverbia quae dicuntur|origins=frk *waidanjan}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɡwa.daɲˈɲa.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''guadagnare''' (first-person singular present guadàgno, first-person singular past historic guadagnài, past participle guadagnàto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old Italian also wrote ''ghuadagnare'' and ''ghuadangnare'', and forms such as ''gadhanià'' and ''gaagna''.^(TLIO) Old Lombard had ''aguadegnar''.^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|frk|*waidanjan|t=to graze; to work, gain]], a verb formed from [[m|frk|*waida|t=pasture]].^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Devoto 1968) GRADIT, DEI and Devoto give its route through [[la-med|guadaniare]], a Gallo-Romance word spread with Carolingian culture, and the TLIO also thinks it came through Gallo-Romance.^(GRADIT 2003)^(DEI|1879)^(Devoto 1968)^(TLIO) Nocentini instead derives the Italian verb from [[lng|*waidanjan|t=to get food]], and Zaccaria, Prati and Meyer-Lübke give Frankish or Lombardic.^(Nocentini 2010)^(Zaccaria 1901)^(Prati 1951|535)^(REW 1935) Wiktionary gives the Frankish form as [[m|frk|*waiþanōjan|t=to hunt, graze]], a calque of [[la|petō|t=to seek]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The verb is compared with [[goh|weidenōn|t=to graze, hunt]], related to [[de|Weide|t=pasture]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(DELI 1999) Schiaffini, quoted by DELI, saw in the word a farming or herding world, where gain came from pasture.^(DELI 1999) The same verb is [[fr|gagner]], [[pro|guadanhar]], [[ca|guanyar]], [[pt|ganhar]] and [[es|guadañar]], which keeps the old sense “to mow hay”.^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)^(Körting 1907) Meyer-Lübke notes that in Italy it took the place of [[la|lucror|alt=lucrāre|t=to gain]].^(REW 1935) Muratori had linked it with [[de|gewinnen]], which Zaccaria rejects.^(Zaccaria 1901)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ GRADIT dates the verb to about 1274;^(GRADIT 2003)^(DELI 1999) DELI's first records are Bono Giamboni and the Judaeo-Italian ''Elegia'', before 1292, for “to draw profit or payment from work or trade”.^(GRADIT 2003)^(DELI 1999) The TLIO's first record is earlier, the Venetian ''Proverbia quae dicuntur'' of the last quarter of the 12th century.^(TLIO) Giamboni wrote that greed for gain should not go so far as to offend God for the sake of riches.^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Italian already used the verb for winning a battle, for capturing places and people, for earning a living, for gaining merit or punishment and for using time well.^(TLIO)^(DELI 1999) DELI dates “to reach, especially with difficulty” to about 1300 and “to win” to Mazzeo di Ricco in the 13th century.^(DELI 1999) The sense “to win (at a game)” imitates [[fr|gagner]], as does “to take possession of a place”, which French had developed in military use in the 16th century.^(DELI 1999) The noun ''guadagno'' was taken from the verb, and in the 18th century took the sense “winnings” from [[fr|gain]].^(DELI 1999)

+

+ The intransitive sense “to look better, to make a better impression” is first recorded in Parabosco, before 1557.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) Old Italian also had ''cavallo di guadagno'', a stud horse, and the phrase ''mandare a guadagno'', to send a cow to the bull.^(Prati 1951|535)^(REW 1935) Set phrases include ''guadagnare tempo'', ''guadagnare terreno'' and the nautical ''guadagnare il vento''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 12th century – The Venetian ''Proverbia quae dicuntur'' have the first record.^(TLIO)

+ * About 1274 – GRADIT dates ''guadagnare''.^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * 1274 – The phrase ''per prode e per guadagno'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses it for earning.^(DELI 1999)

+ * About 1300 – It is used for reaching a place with difficulty.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1348 – Giovanni Villani uses the noun ''guadagno''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1557 – Parabosco uses it intransitively, “to look better”.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|earn]], to receive as pay or profit: ''Quanto guadagna un infermiere?''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To gain, to get as an advantage: ''Non ci guadagni niente a mentire.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To win, to earn (esteem, praise, a promotion); to win (someone) over.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To reach, especially with effort: ''Dopo tre ore guadagnammo la cima.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|win]] (at a game, in a bet or a lottery).^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To look better, to improve in appearance: ''Con gli occhiali guadagni.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[guadagno]]

+ * [[riguadagnare]]

+ * [[guadagnabile]]

+ * [[guadagnatore]]

+ * [[guadagnucchiare]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fr|gagner]]

+ * [[en|gain]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Guadagnarci'' is common in the sense “to gain from something”, and ''tanto di guadagnato'' means “so much the better”.^(Devoto–Oli 2026) ''Guadagnare tempo'' is “to gain time”, and ''guadagnare terreno'' “to gain ground”.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}