creole English · revision 384

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ˈkɹioʊl/; /ˈkɹi.əʊl/ ''(UK)''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fr|créole]], earlier ''criole'',^(AHD)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(MW Collegiate)^(Hoad 1986) [[der|es|criollo|t=(person) native to a locality]],^(AHD)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(MW Collegiate)^(Hoad 1986) probably [[der|pt|crioulo]], a diminutive of ''cria'' “person, especially a servant, raised in one's house”,^(AHD)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986) from ''criar'' “to bring up, breed”, from Latin ''creāre'' “to create, beget” (see [[create]]).^(AHD)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986) Hoad notes that Portuguese ''crioulo'' meant a home-born slave in Brazil and was formerly used of animals reared at home.^(Hoad 1986)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ A person born and naturalized in the West Indies or other colonized region but of European or African descent (1604 in the OED; c. 1600 in Etymonline; 1697 as ''Cirole'' in Barnhart).^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1995)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The exact sense varies with local use.^(Etymonline) The word came to mean usually a descendant of European settlers born in the colonies, and less often a Black person born in the Americas as opposed to one newly brought from Africa (1748).^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline) In the United States it was applied from at least 1792 to descendants of the French and Spanish settlers of Louisiana.^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline) Of languages, a creolized language that has developed from a pidgin into a community's native tongue, it dates from 1879.^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989)^(RHWU) The adjective (1748) also describes animals and plants bred in the colonies (1760–72),^(OED 1989) and the spicy cooking of Louisiana.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1604 – a person born in the colonies.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1748 – adjective.^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989)

+ * 1792 – a descendant of French settlers of Louisiana.^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)

+ * 1818 – ''creolize''.^(Barnhart 1995)

+ * 1879 – a creolized language.^(Barnhart 1995)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A person of European, usually Spanish, descent born in the [[West Indies]] or Spanish America.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A person descended from the early French or Spanish settlers of the US Gulf States, especially [[Louisiana]], and preserving their culture; also their French dialect.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A person of mixed Black and European ancestry who speaks a creolized form of French or Spanish.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A language that has developed from a [[pidgin]] to become the native language of a speech community.^(AHD)^(RHWU)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of, relating to or characteristic of Creoles or their language.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Cooked with a highly seasoned sauce of tomatoes, onions and peppers, as in ''shrimp creole''.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[creolise]]

+ * [[creolize]]

+ * [[decreolize]]

+ * [[decreolization]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[pidgin]]

+ * [[create]]

+ * [[criollo]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}