calmare Italian · revision 38351

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=before 1294, Guittone d'Arezzo|origins=grc καῦμα}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /kalˈma.re/^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Forms==

+ '''calmare''' (first-person singular present càlmo, first-person singular past historic calmài, past participle calmàto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a derivative of [[calma|t=calm]], with the verb ending [[-are]].^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(TLIO)^(Wiktionary) The noun is traced by DELI and Nocentini to [[la-lat|cauma|t=heat]], [[der|grc|καῦμα|tr=kaûma|t=burning heat]], from [[m|grc|καίω|tr=kaíō|t=to burn]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) Nocentini explains the change of sense among sailors, for whom the heat of the day went with the lack of wind and so with stillness, and the /l/ in place of /u/ as a hypercorrect reversal of the common Romance change of /l/ to /u/ before a consonant.^(Nocentini 2010) Wiktionary is more cautious and also mentions the influence of [[la|calor|t=heat]].^(Wiktionary)

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+ [[fr|calme]] and [[es|calma]] were borrowed from Italian, according to Nocentini.^(Nocentini 2010)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is in the poems of Guittone d'Arezzo, before 1294, with the transitive sense “to calm, appease”.^(DELI 1999)^(TLIO) The verb is thus recorded well before the noun, whose first examples are of the 15th century (Genoese ''carma'' in 1435).^(DELI 1999)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The reflexive ''calmarsi'' “to calm down, abate” is first found in Fazio degli Uberti, before 1367, and GRADIT takes this as the first date of the verb.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) In 1582 Filippo Sassetti uses the intransitive of the wind dropping: sharks appear by the ship “quando il vento calma”.^(DELI 1999)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861) Tommaseo noted that one said the wind ''calma'' but not the sea.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)

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+ From the 18th century the verb was used for passions and pains: Algarotti writes that music could kindle and calm the passions, and Monti that a letter had calmed him.^(GDLI) The present participle ''calmante'' became a noun, a sedative, in 1830.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) In metallurgy GRADIT also records the verb for the treatment of steel called ''calmaggio''.^(GRADIT 2003)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * Before 1294 – Guittone d'Arezzo uses ''calmare'' “to appease”.^(DELI 1999)^(TLIO)

+ * Before 1367 – Fazio degli Uberti uses the reflexive “to calm down”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * 1435 – The noun appears as ''carma'' at Genoa.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1582 – Filippo Sassetti uses the verb of the wind dropping.^(DELI 1999)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)

+ * 1745 – The adjective ''calmante'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1830 – ''Calmante'' is recorded as a noun, “sedative”.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|calm]], to quieten, [[m|en|soothe]] a person or a feeling: ''Solo la voce della madre riusciva a calmarlo.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # To relieve, ease a pain or need: ''Una tisana calda può calmare la tosse.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(reflexive, calmarsi)'' To calm down, to regain one's self-control: ''Calmati e spiegami cos'è successo.''^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(reflexive, calmarsi)'' Of wind, sea, pain, to grow less intense, to [[m|en|abate]].^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # ''(metallurgy)'' To treat steel by ''calmaggio''.^(GRADIT 2003)

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+ ==Word family==

+ * [[calmante]]

+ * [[calmo]]

+ * [[calmata]]

+ * [[calmaggio]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[calma]]

+ * [[scalmana]]

+ * [[grc|καῦμα|tr=kaûma]]

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}