periodo Italian · revision 38303

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1385–1395, Francesco da Buti (Pisan)|origins=grc περίοδος}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /peˈri.o.do/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''periodo''' ''m'' (plural periodi)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a learned word, [[bor|la|periodus|t=a rounded sentence; a cycle]], from [[grc|περίοδος|tr=períodos|t=a going round, circuit, cycle]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The Greek noun is a compound of [[m|grc|περί|tr=perí|t=around]] and [[m|grc|ὁδός|tr=hodós|t=way, road]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Wiktionary)^(Devoto 1968|326) DELI cites the view that the prefix here means “wandering” more than “round”.^(DELI 1999) DEI also names [[fr|période]], recorded from the 14th century, beside the Latin word.^(DEI|2855) The same learned word is [[es|período]].^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ The derivative [[periodico]] is Latin [[m|la|periodicus]], from [[m|grc|περιοδικός|tr=periodikós]], and “periodicità” may be French “périodicité” (1665).^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is Francesco da Buti's commentary on the ''Purgatorio'' (1385–1395, Pisan), in two senses: the closing stage of a human life, and the punctuation mark that ends a sentence.^(TLIO) DELI's earliest dated sense is the sentence, in Matteo Bandello in 1554;^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) Nocentini dates it to before 1525 and DELI rejects an earlier record attributed to Giordano da Pisa.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The sense of a stretch of time took longer to settle: Giordano Bruno used the word for the circuit of a star in its orbit (before 1600), and it named a stage of an illness in 1644.^(DELI 1999) DELI's first record for an interval of time marked by particular events is Giovanni Battista Rocchi in 1651;^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) GRADIT gives 1603, and Nocentini and Devoto–Oli put this sense in the 18th century.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) Old Italian also had a feminine plural ''le periodi''.^(GDLI|13, 38)

+

+ Specialist senses followed: in music a group of phrases with a complete sense (1765), in geology a subdivision of an era (1879), in physics the time of a full cycle (1958) and in mathematics the repeating digits of a decimal (1965).^(DELI 1999) In chemistry each row of the periodic table is a ''periodo''.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020) The phrase ''andare a periodi'' means to be changeable.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1350 – The adjective ''periodico'' is recorded in Pietro de' Crescenzi.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1385–1395 – Francesco da Buti uses ''periodo''.^(TLIO)

+ * 1554 – Matteo Bandello uses it for a sentence.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1600 – Giordano Bruno uses it for the circuit of a star.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1644 – It names a stage of an illness.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1651 – It is used for an interval of time.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1765 – The musical sense is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1879 – Angelo Secchi uses it for a geological period.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|period]] or span of time: ''Ho lavorato a Torino per un periodo di sei mesi.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # A phase of life marked by particular conditions: ''Sta attraversando un periodo difficile.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # A historical [[m|en|epoch]], or a phase in an artist's work: ''il periodo napoleonico''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(grammar)'' A sentence of two or more clauses with a complete sense.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(geology)'' A subdivision of an era: ''il Giurassico è un periodo del Mesozoico''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(music)'' A group of musical phrases forming a complete unit.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(physics)'' The time after which a periodic phenomenon repeats itself.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(astronomy)'' The time a body takes to complete a rotation or an [[m|en|orbit]].^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(chemistry)'' A row of the periodic table.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(mathematics)'' The group of digits that repeats in a [[m|en|recurring]] decimal.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(medicine)'' A stage of an illness or a physiological process: ''il periodo di incubazione''.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[periodare]]

+ * [[periodico]]

+ * [[periodicità]]

+ * [[periodizzare]]

+ * [[periodizzazione]]

+ * [[periodicista]]

+ * [[semiperiodo]]

+ * [[sottoperiodo]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[periodicamente]]

+ * [[la|periodus]]

+ * [[fr|période]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In grammar ''periodo ipotetico'' is the conditional sentence, and ''analisi del periodo'' the analysis of a sentence into its clauses.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010) In economics ''breve periodo'' and ''lungo periodo'' are the short and the long run.^(Treccani 2011)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}