fuggire Italian · revision 38223

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=second half of the 12th century, Ritmo di sant'Alessio (Marche)|origins=ine-pro *bʰewg-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /fudˈd͡ʒi.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fuggire''' (first-person singular present fùggo, first-person singular past historic fuggìi, past participle fuggìto, auxiliary (intransitive) èssere or (transitive) avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old forms include [[roa-oit|fugire]], [[roa-oit|fogire]], [[roa-oit|foire]] and the northern [[roa-oit|foçir]].^(TLIO)^(GDLI) The old present subjunctive was ''fuggia''.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-lat|fugiō|alt=fugīre|t=to flee]], an infinitive which from the 4th century replaced classical ⟨fugere⟩.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(DEI|1730) DEI says the change of conjugation was modelled on the perfect [[m|la|fūgī]], and Körting held that the /u/ of the Romance forms calls for a form remade on the perfect, or else a semi-learned word.^(DEI|1730)^(Körting 1907) Devoto explains the double /dʒ/ as the normal lengthening of the consonant after the stress in a word stressed on the third syllable from the end, the classical verb crossed with the late one.^(Devoto 1968)

+

+ The verb is found across the Romance languages: [[fr|fuir]], [[oc|fugir]], [[ca|fugir]], [[es|huir]], [[pt|fugir]], [[sc|fuire]] and [[ro|fugi|t=to run]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935) DÉRom reconstructs Proto-Romance */ˈɸuɡ-e-/ in two conjugations, the older one surviving beside the newer in northern and central Italy, in archaic Sardinian, in Francoprovençal, in Gascon and in some Catalan areas.^(DÉRom)

+

+ The Latin verb continues [[itc-pro|*fugiō]] and an Indo-European present [[ine-pro|*bʰug-i-|t=to flee]] of the root [[m|ine-pro|*bʰewg-]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) It is related to [[grc|φεύγω|tr=pheúgō|t=I flee]] and [[lt|būgti|alt=bṹgti|t=to fear]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(de Vaan 2008) The learned words [[fuga]], [[fugace]] and [[fuggitivo]] come from its Latin derivatives.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is the ''Ritmo di sant'Alessio'', a poem from the Marche of the second half of the 12th century.^(TLIO) DELI dates the sense “to run away out of fear” to the poet Inghilfredi, of the 13th century, and the transitive “to avoid, shun” to Giacomo da Lentini, before 1250.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ By the end of the 13th century the verb was used for an army in retreat (Bono Giamboni) and for taking refuge (Guittone d'Arezzo), and Guido Cavalcanti used it for failing or fading.^(DELI 1999) Dante has time slipping away and, in the ''Inferno'', the mother who “prende il figlio, e fugge, e non s’arresta” (“takes her child, and flees, and does not stop”).^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI|6, 427) Old Italian also used it for steam or heat escaping and, as DEI notes, for hiding things or carrying them off in secret.^(TLIO)^(DEI|1730)

+

+ In sport ''fuggire'' is to break away from the pack in a cycle race, recorded from 1965.^(DELI 1999) Its derivative ''fuga'' added the musical fugue (1581), the ''fuga di gas'' “gas leak” (1892) and the ''fuga dei cervelli'' “brain drain” (1966).^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Second half of the 12th century – The ''Ritmo di sant'Alessio'' is the first record.^(TLIO)

+ * Before 1250 – Giacomo da Lentini uses it in the sense “to avoid”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 13th century – Inghilfredi uses it for running away out of fear.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses it for an army retreating.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1321 – Dante uses it for time passing quickly.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1794 – ''Fuggifuggi'' “stampede” is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1965 – The cycling sense “to break away” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To [[m|en|flee]], to run away quickly from a place or a person, especially to escape danger: ''Tutti fuggirono dal palazzo in fiamme.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To take [[m|en|refuge]] somewhere safe: ''Molti fuggirono in Svizzera.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To [[m|en|escape]] from confinement, or leave a place to get away from constraint: ''Il prigioniero è fuggito di notte.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(intransitive, figurative)'' Of time, to pass quickly: ''Le vacanze sono fuggite in un attimo.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(intransitive, sport)'' In cycling, to break away from the other riders.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To avoid, to shun: ''fuggire la compagnia dei curiosi''.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[fuggiasco]]

+ * [[fuggifuggi]]

+ * [[fuggevole]]

+ * [[fuggente]]

+ * [[sfuggire]]

+ * [[sfuggente]]

+ * [[sfuggita]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fuga]]

+ * [[fuggitivo]]

+ * [[-fugo]]

+ * [[rifuggire]]

+ * [[fugace]]

+ * [[fugare]]

+ * [[la|fugiō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In the intransitive senses the auxiliary is ''essere'', in the transitive ones ''avere''.^(Wiktionary)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}