obiettivo Italian · revision 38206

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=before 1565, Benedetto Varchi|origins=la iaciō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /o.bjetˈti.vo/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''obiettivo''' (feminine obiettiva, masculine plural obiettivi, feminine plural obiettive)^(Wiktionary)

+ The older spelling [[obbiettivo]] is still accepted.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary) Sabatini–Coletti explains its ⟨bb⟩ as the normal Tuscan outcome of Latin /bj/.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a learned word, [[bor|la-med|obiectīvus|t=relating to the object]], a term of scholastic philosophy probably coined by Duns Scotus.^(Nocentini 2010)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(DELI 1999)^(Wiktionary) The Medieval Latin adjective is formed from [[m|la|obiectum|t=object]], the noun from the past participle of [[m|la|obiciō|t=to throw before, present]], which is [[m|la|ob-|t=before, against]] and [[m|la|iaciō|t=to throw]].^(DEI)^(Wiktionary)^(Wikizionario) Sabatini–Coletti points out that the word belongs to the learned tradition beside [[oggettivo]].^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026) The same word is [[fr|objectif]], recorded as an adjective in 1300 and as a noun in 1666.^(GDLI)

+

+ Treccani explains the noun senses as shortenings of phrases meaning “objective glass”, the lens facing the object, and “objective aim”.^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's first record is the form ''obbiettivo'' in Benedetto Varchi, who died in 1565, as a philosophical adjective, “objective”, that is, concerning the object as it really is.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(GDLI) Varchi speaks of ''la causa materiale ovvero obbiettiva'' (“the material or objective cause”).^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Galileo wrote ''obiettivo'' in 1630–1631, of the certainty that human knowledge of mathematics shares with divine knowledge.^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI) In the same period the word became a noun for the lens of a telescope that faces the object: a document of before 1660 announces two ''obiettivi'' made by Torricelli.^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI)^(DEI) It later passed to the lens of the camera.^(DEI)

+

+ The military sense came in the 19th century: Mazzini wrote ''obbiettivo'' for the goal of a war before 1872, and Guglielmotti (1889) defined it as the point aimed at by the eye, the intellect, strategy or ballistics.^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI) Before that Pietro Colletta, who died in 1831, had used ''obbietto d'operazione'' or ''punto obbiettivo'', modelled on French, for the place an army was to reach.^(DELI 1999) From the target of an attack the word spread to any aim that one sets oneself.^(GDLI)^(GRADIT 2003) The sense “impartial, dispassionate” is recorded from Guerrazzi, who died in 1873.^(DELI 1999) Panzini's dictionary wrote ''obbiettivo'' from 1908 and changed to ''obiettivo'' in 1942.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Before 1565 – Benedetto Varchi uses ''obbiettivo'' as a philosophical adjective.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1630–1631 – Galileo uses the spelling ''obiettivo''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1660 – The noun is used for the lens of a telescope.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1831 – Pietro Colletta uses ''punto obbiettivo'' for the goal of an army.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1872 – Mazzini uses ''obbiettivo'' for the aim of a war.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1873 – Guerrazzi uses the adjective for “impartial”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1889 – Guglielmotti records the sense “target of fire”.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|impartial|alt=Impartial]], unbiased, free from personal interest or prejudice: ''Un arbitro deve restare obiettivo anche nelle partite più accese.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # Based on facts or data, [[m|en|objective]], a sense for which ''oggettivo'' is more usual.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(medicine)'' ''Esame obiettivo'': the physical examination of a patient by the doctor's own senses.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(optics)'' A [[m|en|lens]] or system of lenses or mirrors that forms a real image of an object, in a camera, microscope or telescope: ''Ha comprato un obiettivo nuovo per fotografare gli uccelli.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(military)'' The aim of an operation, or the [[m|en|target]] at which fire is directed.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # An aim or [[m|en|goal]] that one sets oneself: ''Il nostro obiettivo è finire i lavori entro maggio.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[obiettività]]

+ * [[obiettivamente]]

+ * [[obiettivare]]

+ * [[obiettivismo]]

+ * [[obiettivizzare]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[obietto]]

+ * [[oggetto]]

+ * [[oggettivo]]

+ * [[obiettare]]

+ * [[la|obiectum]]

+ * [[fr|objectif]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The GDLI records a separate old legal adjective ''obiettivo'', “concerning an objection”, derived from ''obietto'' “objection”.^(GDLI|11, 727) Fixed phrases include ''obiettivo sensibile'', a building especially at risk of attack, and ''obiettivo a focale variabile'', a zoom lens.^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}