cugino Italian · revision 38192

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=early 13th century, Uguccione da Lodi|origins=la soror}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /kuˈd͡ʒi.no/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cugino''' ''m'' (plural cugini, feminine cugina)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fro|cosin]] (modern [[fr|cousin]]), recorded in French from 1080, which goes back through changes not fully explained to [[la|cōnsobrīnus|t=son of one's mother's sister; cousin]], formed from [[m|la|con-]] and [[m|la|sobrīnus|t=cousin]], a derivative of [[m|la|soror|t=sister]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012) DEI, Treccani and the GDLI explain the short form as a familiar, affectionate pronunciation of the Latin word, which must have been widespread: [[la-med|cusinus]] is recorded at Farfa in 1003, and [[m|la-med|cosinus]] at Bologna in 1198 and 1279.^(DEI|1186)^(Treccani 2011)^(GDLI)^(DELI 1999) Canello, cited by Körting, thought that the strong reshaping came from its frequent use in children's speech.^(Körting 1907)

+

+ Aebischer held, as the TLIO reports, that the Italian forms come directly from [[la-vul|*cosinus]] or [[m|la-vul|*consinus]] rather than from French.^(TLIO) The same French word gave [[pro|cozin]] and [[ca|cosí]].^(DEI|1186)^(REW 1935) The Latin word was also inherited, as in [[fur|consovrin]], while [[es|sobrino]] and [[pt|sobrinho]] mean “nephew”.^(REW 1935)^(Körting 1907) The learned [[consobrino]] is a doublet.^(Wiktionary)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is in the Cremonese poet Uguccione da Lodi, at the beginning of the 13th century.^(TLIO) DELI dates the Tuscan ''cugino'' to Cecco Angiolieri, before 1313, for the son of an uncle or aunt, and Zingarelli to 1275.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Italian distinguished degrees of kinship with phrases such as ''fratello cugino'', ''frate cugino'', ''cugino carnale'' and ''cugino germano'' for a first cousin and ''nipote cugino'' for a cousin's son; in a Latin text the word could gloss ''patruelis'', the son of a father's brother.^(TLIO)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861) Giovanni Villani calls Don Arrigo, son of the king of Castile, “cugino del re Carlo”.^(GDLI)

+

+ The kings of France used ''cousin'' as a title for relatives, great vassals, dignitaries and cardinals, and Italian used ''cugino'' in that sense.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010) In the 19th century the Carbonari called one another ''cugini'', and in recent use the word can name a member of the same Mafia family.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) Figuratively it is used of peoples of common origin, especially of the French as seen from Italy.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) The abstract ''cuginanza'' is recorded in 1941.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1003 – Medieval Latin ''cusinus'' appears at Farfa.^(DELI 1999)^(DEI|1186)

+ * 1080 – Old French ''cosin'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * 1198 – ''Cosinus'' appears at Bologna.^(DEI|1186)

+ * Early 13th century – Uguccione da Lodi uses the word.^(TLIO)

+ * Before 1313 – Cecco Angiolieri uses ''cugino''.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 19th century – The Carbonari call one another ''cugini''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ * 1941 – ''Cuginanza'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|cousin]], the son of an uncle or aunt: ''Domani arrivano i miei cugini da Torino.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(law)'' A collateral relative, as in ''cugino di quarto grado''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(figurative)'' A member of a people or community of common origin.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''(historical)'' The name the members of the [[carboneria|alt=Carboneria]] used for one another.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(historical)'' A title the kings of France gave to relatives, great vassals, dignitaries and cardinals.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # A member of the same Mafia family.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cuginanza]]

+ * [[biscugino]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[consobrino]]

+ * [[sorella]]

+ * [[fr|cousin]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A ''cugino di secondo grado'' is the child of a parent's cousin, also called ''biscugino''.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) A separate ''cugino'' is a local name for the sandfly (''pappataci''): DEI records it at Pisa and takes it from [[fr|cousin]] “gnat”, a diminutive formed from [[la|culex|t=gnat]], while GRADIT (1956) suggests a Latin ''*culicinus''.^(DEI|1186)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}