collum Latin · revision 3818

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Naevius|origins=ine-pro *kʷol-so-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈkɔl.lũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkɔl.lum]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''collum''' ''n'' (genitive collī); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ Its origin is uncertain, but Wiktionary derives it from Proto-Italic *kʷolsom, [[inh|ine-pro|*kʷolso-|t=neck]], literally “that on which the head turns”, from [[ine-pro|*kʷel-|t=to turn]].^(Wiktionary) Georges also starts from *colso-.^(Georges 1913)

+

+ Compare [[ang|heals]] and [[goh|hals|t=neck]].^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Wiktionary) Before Varro the word was mostly masculine, [[m|la|collus]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Naevius asks whether the shoulders or the neck have more calluses, using the masculine ''collus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant the neck of people and animals, also as the source of the voice, as Virgil's swans singing through their necks, the head and neck together, and a severed head.^(OLD 2012) It was used of the upper stem of a flower, as Virgil's poppies hanging their heads on weary necks, of a mountain ridge, as Statius' Parnassus, and of the neck of a vessel, as Cato's amphora with a broken neck.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Phrases include ''invadere alicui in collum'', to fall on someone's neck, in Cicero, and ''torquere collum'', to drag someone off by the throat, in Livy.^(Gaffiot 2016) Quintilian refuses to follow Calvus in using the plural ''collos''.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Isidore explained it as stiff and round like a column, bearing the head.^(Isidore) In medieval Latin it also meant a mountain pass.^(Niermeyer 1976) English ''collar'' comes from its derivative ''collāre''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses the masculine ''collus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a neck without a collar.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato writes of an amphora with a broken neck.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of poppies and of swans.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 1300 – English ''collar'' comes from its derivative ''collāre''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|neck]] (of people and animals).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The neck as the source of the voice.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The head and neck; a severed head.^(OLD 2012)

+ # The neck of a plant's stem.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A mountain [[m|en|ridge]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The neck of a vessel, a bottleneck.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A mountain pass.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[succollō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|collar]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The neck appears as a symbol of servitude in phrases like ''subdere colla fortunae'', “to bow one's neck to fortune”.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}