necessario Italian · revision 38123

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=13th century, Guidotto da Bologna|origins=la cēdō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ne.t͡ʃesˈsa.rjo/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''necessario''' (feminine necessaria, masculine plural necessari, feminine plural necessarie)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a learned word, [[bor|la|necessarius|alt=necessārius|t=unavoidable; indispensable]], from [[m|la|necesse|t=unavoidable, necessary]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The Latin adjective goes back to a noun [[m|la|*necessis]], made of [[m|la|ne-|t=not]] and a noun of action from [[m|la|cēdō|t=to withdraw, give way]]: the sense was “no withdrawing, no way back”.^(Nocentini 2010)^(DELI 1999)^(Treccani 2011) De Vaan reconstructs it as “no avoiding”, and connects the verb, with Lubotsky, with [[ine-pro|*ḱiesdʰ-|t=to drive away; to go away]].^(de Vaan 2008) Devoto remarks that the idea of necessity thus grew out of that of immobility.^(Devoto 1968|293)

+

+ The same Latin word gave [[fr|nécessaire]] and [[es|necesario]].^(Nocentini 2010) In Late Latin it spread at the expense of [[m|la|utilis|t=useful]] and [[m|la|habilis|t=fit]].^(DEI|2559) Latin already used the masculine as a noun for a close friend or relative, and Medieval Latin documents from Ravenna (616) and later from Modena and Verona use the neuter for a privy.^(OLD 2012)^(DEI|2560)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's first record is Guidotto da Bologna's treatise on rhetoric in the 13th century: an opening “must be brief, so that it says nothing that is not necessary” (''acciò che non dica cosa che necessaria non sia'').^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI|11, 291) The noun “what is needed” follows in 1284.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Fra Giordano preached that faith is “the most necessary thing in the whole world”, and Boccaccio asks who does not know that fire is very useful, indeed necessary, to mortals.^(GDLI|11, 291)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861) In philosophy the word came to mean what cannot not be, or cannot be otherwise, as against what is contingent.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

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+ Two noun senses are now obsolete.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010) Jacopo Passavanti uses ''necessario'' for a privy, also called ''luogo necessario'' in the 15th century, and Florentine texts of the 14th to 16th centuries use it for a close relative, as Machiavelli does.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)^(DEI|2560)^(GRADIT 2003) In law it qualifies what a binding rule lays down, as in ''erede necessario'', a compulsory heir.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 13th century – Guidotto da Bologna uses ''necessaria'' in his treatise on rhetoric.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1284 – The noun “what is needed” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1294 – ''Necessità'' appears in Brunetto Latini.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1354 – Jacopo Passavanti uses ''necessario'' for a privy.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)

+ * 14th–16th centuries – Florentine texts use it for a close relative.^(DEI|2560)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|necessary]], [[m|en|indispensable]]: ''Per entrare è necessario il biglietto.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # In impersonal phrases, followed by an infinitive or ''che'': ''È necessario partire prima dell'alba.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(philosophy)'' That cannot not be, or cannot be otherwise.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(law)'' Laid down by a binding rule: ''erede necessario''.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # What is needed, the essentials: ''lo stretto necessario''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(obsolete)'' A close relative.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(obsolete)'' A [[m|en|privy]], latrine.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[necessità]]

+ * [[necessitare]]

+ * [[necessariamente]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[necesse]]

+ * [[cedere]]

+ * [[la|necessarius]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}