coraggio Italian · revision 38108

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=12th century (last quarter), Proverbia que dicuntur|origins=la cor}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /koˈrad.d͡ʒo/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''coraggio''' ''m'' (plural coraggi)^(Wiktionary)

+ Older forms include [[roa-oit|coragio]], [[roa-oit|corajo]], [[roa-oit|coraço]] and [[roa-oit|corazo]].^(TLIO)^(Prati 1951|328)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|pro|coratge]], properly “heart”, from a [[la-vul|*corāticum]], derived from [[la|cor|t=heart]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026) Wiktionary also names [[fro|corage]], and Prati derives the word from French.^(Wiktionary)^(Prati 1951|328) Devoto–Oli and Devoto make the Vulgar Latin noun a derivative of [[la-lat|corātum]], a popular form of the Latin word for the heart.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Devoto 1968) DEI explains the sense by the ancient belief that the heart was the seat of the feelings, of courage and of the intellect.^(DEI|1101)

+

+ Meyer-Lübke traces [[fr|courage]], [[es|coraje]] and [[pt|coragem]] to the same French and Occitan word.^(REW 1935)^(Körting 1907) The Italian word for the heart itself is the inherited [[cuore]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is the Venetian ''Proverbia que dicuntur'', of the last quarter of the 12th century, and its first sense is the heart as the seat of feelings and will.^(TLIO) DELI's first date for “strength of mind to face difficulties and dangers” is Bonagiunta, before 1257: “Dev'omo a la fortuna con coraggio / istar più forte quando incontra gli ène” (one must stand firmer with courage against fortune when it goes against one).^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI|3, 759)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The sense “heart, mind, thought” lived on in poetry: Petrarch addresses his “stanco mio coraggio” (my weary heart).^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)^(TLIO) The forms ''coragio'' and ''corajo'' are in Giacomo da Lentini and Frederick II, and the adjective ''coraggioso'' is in Giacomo da Lentini before 1250.^(Prati 1951|328)^(DELI 1999) The verbs ''incoraggiare'' and ''scoraggiare'' are also 13th-century.^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ Tommaseo defined ''coraggio civile'', courage shown in facing the anger of the powerful for the love of one's country and of justice.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861) The ironic sense “impudence, nerve” is recorded in his dictionary in 1865, and the exhortation ''coraggio!'' in Metastasio before 1782.^(DELI 1999)^(DIFIT) English has used ''coraggio'' as an interjection since 1601, according to the OED perhaps through Spanish.^(DIFIT)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 12th century (last quarter) – The ''Proverbia que dicuntur'' has the first record.^(TLIO)

+ * Before 1250 – Giacomo da Lentini uses ''coraggioso''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1257 – Bonagiunta uses ''coraggio'' for strength of mind.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1601 – English ''coraggio'' is recorded as an interjection.^(DIFIT)

+ * Before 1782 – Metastasio uses ''coraggio!'' as an exhortation.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1865 – Tommaseo–Bellini records the sense “impudence”.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|courage]], the strength of mind to face danger, difficulty or pain: ''Ci vuole coraggio per dire di no al proprio capo.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # [[m|en|impudence|alt=Impudence]], nerve: ''Ha avuto il coraggio di chiedermi altri soldi.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(archaic)'' Heart, mind, thought.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ===Interjection===

+ # Come on!, [[m|en|cheer up]]!: ''Coraggio, manca solo un chilometro!''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[coraggioso]]

+ * [[incoraggiare]]

+ * [[incoraggiamento]]

+ * [[incoraggiante]]

+ * [[scoraggiare]]

+ * [[scoraggiamento]]

+ * [[scoraggiante]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cuore]]

+ * [[la|cor]]

+ * [[fr|courage]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Common phrases are ''fare coraggio a qualcuno'' (to encourage someone), ''farsi coraggio'' (to pluck up courage), ''perdersi di coraggio'' (to lose heart) and ''prendere il coraggio a due mani'' (to make up one's mind after long hesitation).^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}