sistema Italian · revision 38095

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1508, Franchino Gaffurio|origins=grc συνίστημι}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /sisˈtɛ.ma/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sistema''' ''m'' (plural sistemi)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a learned word, [[bor|la-lat|systēma]], [[der|grc|σύστημα|tr=sústēma|t=a gathering, organized whole]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The Greek noun comes from [[m|grc|συνίστημι|tr=sunístēmi|t=to put together]], formed from [[m|grc|σύν|tr=sún|t=with]] and [[m|grc|ἵστημι|tr=hístēmi|t=to set, place]], from the Indo-European root [[ine-pro|*steh₂-|alt=*sthā-|t=to stand]].^(DELI 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ In Late Latin, as in Martianus Capella, “systema” was a musical term, “scale, system of sounds”.^(Nocentini 2010)^(DEI|3510) The word spread in Italian through the language of philosophy.^(DEI|3510) [[fr|système]] is recorded in 1552, and [[es|sistema]] has the same source.^(DEI|3510)^(Nocentini 2010) [[sistematico|alt=Sistematico]] is from [[m|grc|συστηματικός|tr=sustēmatikós]], and DELI derives its noun [[sistematica]] from French.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is in the musician Franchino Gaffurio in 1508, for a set of elements arranged into an organized whole subject to rules.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) The adjective ''sistematico'' is in the same text.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 17th century the word was used for a method, a way of organizing something (Daniello Bartoli, 1677), and for a body of scientific or philosophical doctrine.^(DELI 1999)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861) The sense “political order of a country” is recorded in 1764 in Pietro Verri, who spoke of the incompatibility of luxury with the republican system.^(DELI 1999) Goldoni used it for a person's habits, and Manzoni wrote that Don Abbondio's system was to avoid all conflict.^(DELI 1999) Tommaseo still disapproved of ''sistema di vita'' and suggested ''metodo'' or ''tenore'' instead.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ In football, ''sistema'' named a tactical formation with fixed marking, discussed in the ''Guerin sportivo'' in 1929 and established as a technical term in 1939.^(DELI 1999) The modern dictionaries list dozens of compounds in anatomy, astronomy, physics, computing and politics: ''sistema nervoso'', ''sistema solare'', ''sistema operativo'', ''sistema elettorale''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Wiktionary) In the slang of Naples ''il Sistema'' is the Camorra, as its members call it.^(GDLI|Supplemento 2009)

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+ As a musical term the Italian word was borrowed into German in 1732.^(DIFIT)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1508 – Franchino Gaffurio uses ''sistema'' and ''sistematico''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1552 – French ''système'' is recorded.^(DEI|3510)

+ * 1677 – Daniello Bartoli uses it for a method.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1695 – The musical sense “system of harmonic rules”.^(DIFIT)

+ * 1764 – Pietro Verri writes of the republican ''sistema''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1772 – Pietro Verri uses the verb ''sistemare''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1929 – ''Sistema di gioco'' in football, in the ''Guerin sportivo''.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|system]]: a set of interdependent elements forming an organized whole: ''Il sistema dei trasporti della città funziona male.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A body of principles and ideas forming one doctrine: ''il sistema filosofico di Hegel''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(astronomy)'' A group of celestial bodies: ''sistema solare''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(anatomy)'' A set of organs with one function: ''sistema nervoso''.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''(technology, computing)'' A set of devices or programs working together: ''sistema operativo''.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The political, economic and social order of a state, ''(colloquial)'' the [[m|en|establishment]]: ''Si presenta come un candidato contro il sistema.''^(DELI 1999)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # A [[m|en|method]], a way of doing something: ''Ho trovato un sistema per non perdere le chiavi.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Gabrielli 2020)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Habit, way of behaving: ''Arrivare tardi è il suo sistema.''^(Gabrielli 2020)^(DELI 1999)

+ # ''(games)'' A combination of forecasts played together in a pool or lottery: ''giocare un sistema''.^(Gabrielli 2020)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(sports)'' A football formation based on man-to-man marking.^(DELI 1999)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[sistemare]]

+ * [[sistematico]]

+ * [[sistematica]]

+ * [[sistematicità]]

+ * [[sistemazione]]

+ * [[sistematizzare]]

+ * [[sistemico]]

+ * [[sistemista]]

+ * [[sistemistica]]

+ * [[sottosistema]]

+ * [[antisistema]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fr|système]]

+ * [[grc|σύστημα|tr=sústēma]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}