girare Italian · revision 38066

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=before 1250, Cielo d'Alcamo|origins=grc γῦρος}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /d͡ʒiˈra.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''girare''' (first-person singular present gìro, first-person singular past historic girài, past participle giràto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-lat|gȳrō|t=to turn round in a circle]], derived from [[m|la|gȳrus|t=circle, ring, turn]], which is [[der|grc|γῦρος|tr=gûros|t=circle, ring]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) DEI notes that the Latin verb appears in the 5th century, in Vegetius, as a term of horsemanship, and that it replaced classical [[m|la|circumeō|alt=circuire]].^(DEI|1815) DELI calls the Greek noun's Indo-European relations unclear.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ The same verb is [[fr|girer]] (now obsolete), [[oc|girar]], [[ca|girar]], [[es|girar]] and [[pt|girar]];^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935) REW thinks the Spanish and Portuguese verbs came from Catalan.^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935) Italian also has [[giro]], from the Latin noun, in the second half of the 13th century.^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is the reflexive “to turn about, toss”, in Cielo d'Alcamo before 1250.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) Dante uses the verb both for turning an object and for revolving, and writes of a windmill “che 'l vento gira” (that the wind turns, ''Inferno'' 34).^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 13th and 14th centuries the verb took most of its modern senses: to turn aside (''Novellino''), to go round a place, to walk about, to wheel and whirl (Petrarch).^(DELI 1999) Later came “to visit every part of a place” (Annibal Caro, before 1566), “to pass something on” (1563), “to spread, circulate” (1736) and “to pass from hand to hand” (Gasparo Gozzi, 1760–1761).^(DELI 1999)

+

+ In 1723 Casaregi records the banking sense, to transfer a bill by endorsement, which German borrowed as ''girieren''.^(DELI 1999)^(DIFIT) Film made the verb “to shoot”: Pirandello called his 1915 novel ''Si gira...'' after the cranking of the camera, and “to film a scene” followed by 1923.^(DELI 1999) DELI explains ''girare le scatole'' “to annoy” as a euphemism for a coarser phrase already shortened to ''mi girano'' in 1863.^(DELI 1999) The infinitive used as a noun once meant each heaven of the Ptolemaic system and a scroll of foliage in decoration.^(GDLI)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Before 1250 – Cielo d'Alcamo uses the reflexive ''girarsi''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1300–1313 – Dante uses it for turning an object and for revolving.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1566 – Annibal Caro uses it for touring a place.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1635 – German ''girieren'' “to endorse” is recorded.^(DIFIT)

+ * 1723 – Casaregi uses ''girare'' for transferring a bill of exchange.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1915 – Pirandello's novel ''Si gira...'' takes its title from the film camera.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # (transitive) To [[m|en|turn]], rotate: ''Gira la chiave due volte.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # (transitive) To [[m|en|stir]]: ''girare il sugo''; to turn over: ''girare il foglio''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # (transitive) To turn in a direction: ''girare la testa verso la porta''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # (transitive) To go round, tour, visit: ''Ha girato tutta l'Europa in treno.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+ # (transitive) To pass on, forward: ''Ti giro il messaggio.''^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # (transitive, banking) To [[m|en|endorse]] a cheque or bill.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)^(Wiktionary)

+ # (transitive, cinema) To [[m|en|shoot]], film: ''girare un film'', ''si gira!'' “action!”.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # (transitive, figurative) To present differently: ''girare il discorso'', to change the subject.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # (intransitive) To spin, revolve: ''La ruota girava sempre più veloce.''^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # (intransitive) To turn, change direction: ''Dopo il ponte giri a destra.''^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # (intransitive) To wander about; to circulate: ''Gira voce che si sposino.''^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # (intransitive, colloquial) To feel like: ''quando gli gira''; to go: ''Al lavoro le cose mi girano storte.''^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # (intransitive, computing) Of a program, to run.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[giramento]]

+ * [[girandola]]

+ * [[girandolare]]

+ * [[girata]]

+ * [[giratore]]

+ * [[girella]]

+ * [[girellare]]

+ * [[girevole]]

+ * [[gironzolare]]

+ * [[rigirare]]

+ * [[rigiro]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[giradischi]]

+ * [[giramondo]]

+ * [[girarrosto]]

+ * [[girarsi]]

+ * [[girasole]]

+ * [[giratorio]]

+ * [[giro]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Girare'' was also an old noun, the infinitive used substantively: each heaven of the Ptolemaic system, or a decorative scroll of leaves (''girari di foglie'' in Vasari); GRADIT marks it obsolete.^(GDLI)^(Gabrielli 2020)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}