pieno Italian · revision 37980

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=before 1294, Guittone d'Arezzo|origins=ine-pro *pl̥h₁nós}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈpjɛ.no/, /ˈpje.no/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''pieno''' (feminine piena, masculine plural pieni, feminine plural piene, superlative pienissimo)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old and dialect forms include ''pino'', ''piino'', ''pinno'' and ''plenu''.^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|plēnus|t=full]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The word is pan-Romance: [[fr|plein]], [[oc|ple]], [[ca|ple]], [[es|lleno]], [[pt|cheio]], [[sc|prenu]] and [[ro|plin]], and [[dlm|plain]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)^(Wiktionary) Compare [[scn|chinu]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The Latin adjective comes from [[itc-pro|*plēnos]], from [[ine-pro|*pl̥h₁nós|t=full]], with an ⟨e⟩-grade root; it belongs with the verb [[m|la|pleō|t=to fill]], known only in compounds such as [[m|la|impleō|t=to fill in]], the source of [[empire]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(Wiktionary) Related formations are [[sa|पूर्ण|tr=pūrṇa]], [[lt|pilnas]], [[cu|плънъ|tr=plŭnŭ]], [[sga|lán]] and [[en|full]], and there are also [[grc|πλέως|tr=pléōs]] and [[grc|πλήρης|tr=plḗrēs]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is Guittone d'Arezzo (before 1294), for a container filled to its capacity.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003) In one of his poems “di caro piena [è] l'arca” (the chest is full of dearth).^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Dante uses ''pieno'' for “sated” (before 1321), Guidotto da Bologna in the 13th century for “complete, perfect”, and the 14th-century statutes of Por Santa Maria for “solid, massive”.^(DELI 1999) As a noun it named the solid part of something (Boccaccio, 1353), the height of a period or event (Matteo Villani, before 1363) and a full load (Sassetti, 1573).^(DELI 1999) The feminine noun ''piena'' “flood, high water” goes back to Bono Giamboni (before 1292), and Matteo Villani also used it for a crowd.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ Twentieth-century additions include ''fare il pieno'' “to fill up the tank”, ''pieno impiego'', a calque of English ''full employment'', and ''in pieno centro'', a version made by ear of French ''en plein cintre''.^(DEI|2910) ''Pienone'' “packed house” is recorded from 1882 or 1922.^(Nocentini 2010)^(DELI 1999) In music ''pieno'' (1801) is the full ensemble;^(DIFIT) French used it as a musical direction from 1703.^(DIFIT)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 13th century – Guidotto da Bologna uses ''pieno'' for “complete”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses ''piena'' “flood”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1294 – Guittone d'Arezzo uses ''pieno'' “full”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1321 – Dante uses it for “sated”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1353 – Boccaccio uses ''il pieno'' as a noun.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1540–1541 – Firenzuola uses ''pienotto'' “plump”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1801 – ''Pieno'' is used in music for the full ensemble.^(DIFIT)

+ * 20th century – ''Fare il pieno'' “to fill the tank” appears.^(DEI|2910)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|full]], filled to capacity; with ''di'', full of: ''una tazza piena di latte''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Crowded, packed; sold out: ''La metropolitana era piena all'ora di punta.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # Containing a great quantity of something; covered with: ''Il compito era pieno di errori.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Filled with a feeling: ''Mi guardava con gli occhi pieni di gioia.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # Sated, having eaten enough: ''Grazie, sono pieno.''^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Solid, not hollow: ''una parete piena''.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # Complete, total; at its height: ''pieni poteri'', ''in piena notte''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # Plump, rounded: ''guance piene''.^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # The full or solid part; the height of something: ''nel pieno dell'inverno''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # A full load; a full tank of fuel: ''fare il pieno''.^(Wikizionario)^(DEI|2910)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[piena]]

+ * [[pienezza]]

+ * [[pienone]]

+ * [[pienotto]]

+ * [[pienamente]]

+ * [[appieno]]

+ * [[ripieno]]

+ * [[strapieno]]

+ * [[troppopieno]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[plenario]]

+ * [[plenilunio]]

+ * [[plenitudine]]

+ * [[empire]]

+ * [[riempire]]

+ * [[la|plēnus]]

+ * [[fr|plein]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Common phrases include ''pieno zeppo'' “crammed full”, ''a piene mani'' “lavishly”, ''a tempo pieno'' “full-time” and ''essere pieno di sé'' “to be full of oneself”.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)^(Wiktionary) Both /ɛ/ and /e/ are recorded in the stressed syllable.^(Wiktionary)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}