guidare Italian · revision 37979

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=borrowing|attested=before 1292, Bono Giamboni}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɡwiˈda.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''guidare''' (first-person singular present guìdo, first-person singular past historic guidài, past participle guidàto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a Germanic word, but the route by which it came into Italian is disputed.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935) Most dictionaries say that it is [[bor|pro|guidar]];^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)^(DEI|1891)^(Wiktionary)^(Devoto 1968) Sabatini–Coletti, Treccani, DEI, Devoto and Wiktionary trace the Occitan verb to [[frk|*wītan|t=to direct, show the way]], while the Devoto–Oli gives a Gothic source.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)^(DEI|1891)^(Wiktionary)^(Devoto 1968)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) DELI, following Wilhelm Bruckner (1913), traces it to the same Germanic verb through Gothic, and Nocentini and GRADIT give [[got|*widan|t=to show a direction]] as the direct source.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003) Meyer-Lübke starts from a noun [[m|got|*wida|t=guide for a stranger]], from which [[guida]] would come and the verb would be derived, but notes that the ⟨-i-⟩ is hard to explain.^(REW 1935) Earlier proposals, the Gothic verb for “to watch over”, [[non|vita]] and [[la|vītō|t=to avoid]], were rejected by Mackel and Gaston Paris.^(Zaccaria 1901)^(Körting 1907)

+

+ The related forms are [[pro|guizar]], [[ca|guiar]], [[es|guiar]] and [[pt|guiar]], and [[fro|guier]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935) [[fr|guider]], which replaced the Old French verb, was borrowed from Italian.^(Nocentini 2010)^(GDLI)^(REW 1935)^(DEI|1891)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's first record is Bono Giamboni (before 1292), for going before or with someone as a guide;^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI) Giamboni writes of needing people “che gli guidino e sappiano bene i passi e le vie” (to guide them, who know the passes and the roads well).^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI) Monte Andrea, in the 13th century, already uses it for controlling the movements of something, and DEI cites Uguccione da Lodi from the same century.^(DELI 1999)^(DEI|1891) Zingarelli dates the verb to before 1257.^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Dante's ''Purgatorio'' has “Chi v'ha guidati, o che vi fu lucerna” (who guided you, or what was your lamp), and Boccaccio (1348–1353) uses the verb for running a business: a young Pisan “che tutti i lor fatti guidava” (who managed all their affairs).^(GDLI)^(DELI 1999)^(Treccani 2011) ''Guidatore'' is recorded from 1282 and ''guida'', the act of guiding, from Dante's ''Commedia''; a person who shows the way is a ''guida'' in Dante too.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ In the 19th century ''guidare i cavalli'', or simply ''guidare'', meant driving a carriage (Tommaseo, 1869), and, from 1920 (Panzini) ''guidare'' alone meant driving a motor vehicle.^(DELI 1999) Sports writers have used it for “to lead a race or table” since 1926.^(DELI 1999) Tommaseo also records the figurative sense of educating by example.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 13th century – DEI cites Uguccione da Lodi.^(DEI|1891)

+ * Before 1257 – Zingarelli's date of first record.^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ * 1282 – ''Guidatore'' appears in Restoro d'Arezzo.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses ''guidare'' “to guide”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1300–1313 – Dante uses ''guida'' for a person who shows the way.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1348–1353 – Boccaccio uses ''guidare'' for “to manage”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1869 – Tommaseo records ''guidare'' “to drive a carriage”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1920 – Panzini records ''guidare'' “to drive a car”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1926 – The sports sense “to be in the lead” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|guide]], lead or accompany someone along a way: ''La maestra guidò i bambini attraverso il parco.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To serve as a point of reference: ''Il campanile ci guidò fino al paese.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # To lead, command or [[m|en|manage]]: ''Ha guidato il partito per vent'anni.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To direct, educate or inspire: ''Lo ha guidato nella scelta degli studi.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # To [[m|en|drive]] a vehicle or animal; also absolutely, to drive a car: ''Mio nonno guida ancora a ottant'anni.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(sport)'' To be at the head of a race or a table: ''guidare la classifica''.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # ''guidarsi'' ''(rare)'': to conduct oneself.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[guida]]

+ * [[guidatore]]

+ * [[guidabile]]

+ * [[guidato]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[guidone]]

+ * [[fr|guider]]

+ * [[es|guiar]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Set phrases include ''guidare i passi'' and ''guidare la mano'' of someone, “to help and support”.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}