oltre Italian · revision 37978

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1293–1294, Dante|origins=la uls}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈol.tre/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''oltre''' (invariable)^(Wiktionary)

+ The old form is ''oltra'', still regional;^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(GDLI)^(Wiktionary) ''oltri'' is also found in old texts.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(GDLI)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|ultrā|t=beyond, further]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The same word gave [[fr|outre]], [[oc|oltra]] and [[ca|oltra]], and [[dlm|ultra]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)^(Körting 1907)

+

+ Latin [[m|la|ultrā]] is the ablative feminine of an adjective [[m|la|*ulter|t=that is beyond]], whose comparative and superlative are [[la|ulterior]] and [[m|la|ultimus]], the sources of [[ulteriore]] and [[ultimo]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(GDLI)^(Devoto 1968) The adjective was formed from the archaic preposition [[m|la|uls|t=beyond]], whose ⟨-s⟩ was kept by the influence of its opposite [[m|la|cis|t=on this side]].^(DELI 1999)^(Devoto 1968) Its root [[ine-pro|*ol-]] refers to what is far from the speaker and is also found in [[m|la|ollus]], the old form of [[m|la|ille|t=that]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto 1968)^(GDLI)

+

+ Some derivatives came through French: [[oltraggio]] is [[m|fro|outrage]],^(REW 1935)^(Nocentini 2010) and [[oltranza]] adapts [[m|fr|outrance]].^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Nocentini dates the word to the first half of the 13th century.^(Nocentini 2010) DELI's first dated records are Brunetto Latini (before 1294), for “in addition to”, and Dante's ''Vita nuova'' (1293–1294), for “beyond, on the other side of”.^(DELI 1999) Latini's ''Rettorica'' refers to what belongs to a speech “oltre quello che porta il testo di Tullio” (beyond what Cicero's text contains).^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Dante uses the adverb for “further on” (1300–1313) and for “longer, more” (before 1321); the ''Novellino'' already has “more than” with numbers.^(DELI 1999) The temporal preposition, “more than” a length of time, is recorded only in 1584–1586, in Leonardo Salviati.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ''Oltre'' and ''oltra'' were very productive in Old Italian as intensifying prefixes (''oltremaraviglioso'' “more than marvellous”), but Bruno Migliorini noted that, apart from deliberate archaisms in Marino and D'Annunzio, they gave way to learned ''ultra-''.^(DELI 1999) The local prefix lives on in ''oltremare'' (before 1292), ''oltralpe'' (before 1388), ''oltretomba'' (Carducci, 1883) and ''oltrecortina'' (1950), and in place names such as ''Oltrepò''.^(DELI 1999)^(DEI|2645)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * First half of the 13th century – Nocentini's date of first record.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1293–1294 – Dante uses ''oltre'' “beyond” in the ''Vita nuova''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1294 – Brunetto Latini uses ''oltre'' “in addition to”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1300–1313 – Dante uses the adverb “further on”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1388 – ''Oltralpe'' is recorded in Antonio Pucci.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1584–1586 – Salviati uses ''oltra'' with time.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1883 – Carducci uses ''oltretomba''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1950 – ''Oltrecortina'' “behind the Iron Curtain” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|beyond]], on the other side of: ''La fattoria è oltre il ponte.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Beyond a limit or norm: ''oltre ogni limite''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # More than (of time or quantity): ''Lo aspetto da oltre un'ora.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''oltre a'': [[m|en|besides]], in addition to; apart from: ''Oltre a me, lo sa solo mia madre.''^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Further, farther on: ''Non fermarti, prosegui oltre.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Too far: ''Questa volta sei andato troppo oltre.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # Longer, any more: ''Non voglio aspettare oltre.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[inoltre]]

+ * [[inoltrare]]

+ * [[oltrepassare]]

+ * [[oltralpe]]

+ * [[oltremare]]

+ * [[oltremarino]]

+ * [[oltreoceano]]

+ * [[oltremodo]]

+ * [[oltretomba]]

+ * [[oltrecortina]]

+ * [[oltremanica]]

+ * [[oltremondano]]

+ * [[oltramontano]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[oltraggio]]

+ * [[oltranza]]

+ * [[ulteriore]]

+ * [[ultimo]]

+ * [[ultra-]]

+ * [[la|ultrā]]

+ * [[fr|outre]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Oltre che'' (also ''oltreché'') means “as well as, besides being”, and ''oltre tutto'' (''oltretutto'') “what is more”.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011) Before geographical names the article may be dropped, which produces compounds such as ''oltremare'' and ''oltreoceano''.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}