dieci Italian · revision 37975

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=before 1292, Bono Giamboni|origins=ine-pro *déḱm̥}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈdjɛ.t͡ʃi/, /ˈdje.t͡ʃi/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dieci''' (invariable)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old forms include [[roa-oit|diece]], the older Tuscan form, and [[roa-oit|dece]] and [[roa-oit|diese]].^(GDLI|4, 363)^(DELI 1999) Old Venetian had [[m|roa-oit|dese]] (1287) and Old Genoese [[m|roa-oit|dexe]].^(LEI|19, 482)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|decem|t=ten]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The stressed /ɛ/ became the Tuscan diphthong ⟨ie⟩, and the final ⟨-i⟩, in place of the ⟨-e⟩ of the older [[roa-oit|diece]], comes from the series [[undici]], [[dodici]] and so on.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) DEI instead ascribes it to [[venti]].^(DEI|1293) The Latin numeral survives in every Romance language: [[fr|dix]], [[oc|detz]], [[ca|deu]], [[es|diez]], [[pt|dez]], [[sc|dèghe]] and [[ro|zece]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)^(LEI|19, 482)

+

+ The Latin word goes back to [[itc-pro|*dekem]] and [[ine-pro|*déḱm̥]], the base of the Indo-European decimal system.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)^(Nocentini 2010) Its cognates include [[grc|δέκα|tr=déka]], [[sa|दश|tr=dáśa]], [[got|𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽|tr=taihun]], [[sga|deich]], [[cy|deg]] and [[m|en|ten]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Wiktionary)^(Devoto 1968)

+

+ The numbers from seventeen to nineteen, [[diciassette]], [[diciotto]] and [[diciannove]], are Italian phrases of the type “ten and seven”, which replaced [[la|septemdecim]], [[m|la|duodēvīgintī]] and [[m|la|ūndēvīgintī]].^(Nocentini 2010) The LEI points out that the type was already Latin: [[m|la|decem]] ⟨et octo⟩ is found in Caesar and Livy.^(LEI|19, 482)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's first record is the form ''diece'' in Bono Giamboni, who died before 1292, and ''dieci'' in Florentine texts of 1296–1301.^(DELI 1999) Prati quotes an older ''diecie'' from 1211.^(Prati 1951|376) The LEI dates ''dieci'' in literature from Dante (1321), while his ''Convivio'' (1304–1307) still has ''diece''.^(LEI|19, 482)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The GDLI recalls that the Romans saw ten as a perfect number, the end of the decimal series, as Vitruvius says.^(GDLI|4, 363) Brunetto Latini wrote that it is no good bargain “di diece vender cento” (to sell a hundred for ten), and Dante uses ''diece'' in the ''Paradiso''.^(GDLI|4, 363) From early on the number also stands for an indefinite large amount, as in ''te l'ho detto dieci volte'', and the exclamation ''e dieci!'' greets something tiresome said once too often.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)^(GRADIT 2003) A Tuscan proverb has it that a razor cut hurts more than ten sword cuts.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)

+

+ ''Decina'' “a group of ten” is recorded from the 14th century, ''diecimila'' from the 13th, and the coin ''diecino'' “ten-cent piece” is old.^(Nocentini 2010)^(DEI|1293) Historical bodies were named after their number, such as the Venetian ''Consiglio dei Dieci'' and the Florentine ''Dieci di Balìa''.^(Treccani 2011)^(Zingarelli 2010) In modern usage ''dieci'' is also the top mark in Italian school grading, and ''gli anni Dieci'' are the decade from 1910 to 1919.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1211 – Prati records ''diecie''.^(Prati 1951|376)

+ * 13th century – ''Diecimila'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses ''diece''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1296–1301 – ''Dieci'' appears in Florentine texts.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1304–1307 – Dante's ''Convivio'' has ''diece''.^(LEI|19, 482)

+ * 14th century – ''Decina'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Numeral===

+ # [[m|en|ten]], the number after nine (10, X): ''Ci vediamo fra dieci minuti.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(hyperbolic)'' Many, a lot: ''Gliel'ho chiesto dieci volte'', ''mangiare per dieci'', to eat a great deal.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # After a noun, with the value of an ordinal: ''la pagina dieci'', ''il binario dieci''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # The number ten and the figure that represents it: ''Ha scritto un dieci alla lavagna.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # The tenth day of a month, or the tenth year of a century: ''Partiamo il dieci di giugno.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # ''le dieci'': ten o'clock, in the morning or at night.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # The highest [[m|en|mark]] in Italian school grading: ''Ha preso dieci in storia.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(card games)'' The ten of a suit: ''il dieci di cuori''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''gli anni Dieci'': the 1910s.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[decina]]

+ * [[diecimila]]

+ * [[diciassette]]

+ * [[diciotto]]

+ * [[diciannove]]

+ * [[diecino]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[decimo]]

+ * [[decimale]]

+ * [[decimare]]

+ * [[decuplo]]

+ * [[undici]]

+ * [[la|decem]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Dieci'' is invariable.^(Wiktionary)^(Zingarelli 2010) Devoto–Oli gives ''diece'' as an archaic form.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}