ridere Italian · revision 37969

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=before 1292, Bono Giamboni|origins=la rīdeō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈri.de.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ridere''' (first-person singular present rìdo, first-person singular past historic rìsi, past participle rìso, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ Older forms include [[roa-oit|riare]], [[m|roa-oit|ridare]], [[m|roa-oit|riere]] and [[m|roa-oit|rire]].^(GDLI|16, 182)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-lat|rīdeō|alt=rīdere|t=to laugh]], the form used by Christian writers from the 4th century in place of classical ⟨rīdēre⟩, moved to the third conjugation after the perfect ⟨rīsī⟩, as [[ardere]] was after ⟨arsi⟩.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The verb is found throughout Romance: [[fr|rire]], [[oc|rire]], [[ca|riure]], [[es|reír]], [[pt|rir]], [[sc|rìere]] and [[ro|râde]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935) DEI calls it pan-dialectal in Italy, except in Lombardy, Trentino and eastern Piedmont, where [[lmo|grignar|alt=grignàr]] has taken its place.^(DEI|3250)

+

+ The Latin verb has no secure Indo-European etymology.^(de Vaan 2008)^(DELI 1999)^(Devoto 1968) De Vaan rejects the old comparison with [[sa|व्रीडते|tr=vrīḍate|t=is ashamed]] as unjustified in meaning.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's first record is the northern form ''riare'' in Gerardo Patecchio; the Tuscan ''ridere'' appears in Bono Giamboni before 1292.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003) In the ''Convivio'' (1304–1308) Dante asks “E che è ridere, se non una corruscazione della dilettazione dell'anima, cioè un lume apparente di fuori secondo sta dentro?” (And what is laughing but a flash of the soul's delight, a light showing outside as it is within?).^(DELI 1999)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From laughter the verb passed to any show of joy (Dante, 1304–1308), and in literary use to shining and sparkling (Dante, 1313–1319) and to the bright colours of nature (Alberto della Piagentina, before 1332).^(DELI 1999) Petrarch wrote “ridono i prati, e 'l ciel si rasserena” (the meadows laugh and the sky clears).^(Zingarelli 2010) The pronominal ''ridersi di'' “to make fun of” is recorded before 1294 in Brunetto Latini, and “not to care about, not to fear” in a collection of Tuscan proverbs of 1853.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ The noun ''riso'' “laughter” goes back to the 13th century, and ''ridicolo'' to the mid-14th;^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) ''risata'' is recorded before 1536, ''ridacchiare'' in the 16th century, ''ridanciano'' in 1891 and ''ridarella'' “fit of giggles” in 1928.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) ''Ridicolizzare'' (1815–1821 in DELI, 1789 in Nocentini) copies [[fr|ridiculiser]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) Familiar phrases include ''ridere sotto i baffi'', ''far ridere i polli'' and the proverb ''ride bene chi ride ultimo''.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011) Jokingly, shoes whose soles have come away from the uppers are said to “laugh”.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses ''ridere''.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * Before 1294 – Brunetto Latini uses ''ridersi'' for “to mock”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1304–1308 – Dante defines laughter in the ''Convivio''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1313–1319 – Dante uses ''ridere'' for “to shine”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1536 – ''Risata'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1891 – ''Ridanciano'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1928 – ''Ridarella'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|laugh]]: ''Il pubblico rideva a ogni battuta del comico.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''ridere di'': to laugh at, to [[m|en|mock]]: ''Smettila di ridere dei suoi errori.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(figurative, literary)'' To shine, to [[m|en|sparkle]]; to look bright and cheerful: ''Le ridevano gli occhi per la contentezza.''^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(DELI 1999)

+ # ''(literary)'' To be favourable, to smile on: ''Quell'anno la sorte rise ai contadini.''^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(jocular)'' Of shoes, to gape open at the sole.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''ridersela'', ''ridersi di'': to laugh to oneself; not to care about: ''Si ride delle critiche.''^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # Laughing, laughter, chiefly in ''morire dal ridere'', ''crepare dal ridere'' “to die laughing”.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[riso]]

+ * [[risata]]

+ * [[ridente]]

+ * [[ridacchiare]]

+ * [[ridanciano]]

+ * [[ridarella]]

+ * [[risolino]]

+ * [[ridicolaggine]]

+ * [[ridicolizzare]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[arridere]]

+ * [[ridevole]]

+ * [[ridicolo]]

+ * [[risarella]]

+ * [[risibile]]

+ * [[sorridere]]

+ * [[deridere]]

+ * [[irridere]]

+ * [[la|rīdeō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The past historic is ''risi'' and the past participle ''riso''; the auxiliary is ''avere''.^(Wiktionary)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020) ''Da ridere'' describes comic entertainment as opposed to the dramatic, and ''ridendo e scherzando'' means “without noticing, little by little”.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}