cibo Italian · revision 37968

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1225, Garzo|origins=la cibus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈt͡ʃi.bo/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''cibo''' ''m'' (plural cibi)^(Wiktionary)

+ An old plural is [[roa-oit|cibora]].^(GDLI|3, 116) Old forms include [[roa-oit|civo]] and [[roa-oit|zibo]].^(TLIO)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|cibus|t=food]], a learned word.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(DEI|924)^(Wiktionary) The Latin word survives by the popular route in the south and in the islands: [[roa-oit|cevo]] in Old Neapolitan and Old Roman, [[scn|civu]], Corsican [[m|co|civa|t=entrails]], Logudorese [[m|sc|chiu|t=pith]], Spanish [[m|es|cebo|t=fodder, bait]] and Asturian [[m|ast|cebu|t=hay]].^(DEI|924)^(REW 1935)^(LEI|14, 50) The LEI separates these popular forms with ⟨-v-⟩ from those with ⟨-i-⟩, which may be semi-learned or influenced by the verb ⟨civare⟩.^(LEI|14, 50) The Latin derivative [[m|la|cibāria|t=provisions]] is the source of [[civaia]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(DEI|924)

+

+ The origin of the Latin word is uncertain.^(DELI 1999)^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan points out that a root of this shape is not possible in Proto-Indo-European, and that it may be a loan from [[grc|κίβισις|tr=kíbisis|t=bag, pouch]] or [[m|grc|κίβος|tr=kíbos|t=box]], as Thurneysen proposed in 1907.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Nocentini accepts the Greek source and gives the first meaning as “provisions”.^(Nocentini 2010) DEI suggests a Mediterranean word, and Devoto found no connections outside Italy.^(DEI|924)^(Devoto 1968)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI dates the word to about 1225, in Garzo, in the sense “what serves as nourishment”.^(DELI 1999) The TLIO's first record is the Bolognese ''Parlamenti'' of Guido Faba, about 1243.^(TLIO) GRADIT dates it to about 1274 and Zingarelli to 1268.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Italian used ''cibo'' for the food of people and animals and for nourishment in general, but also for the meal, for appetite, for spiritual nourishment and for the Eucharist.^(TLIO) Dante writes in the ''Inferno'' that “l'ora s'appressava / che 'l cibo ne soleva essere addotto” (the hour drew near when our food used to be brought).^(GDLI|3, 116)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861) Boccaccio has the maxim “Usa i cibi acciò che tu viva, e non vivere acciò che tu i cibi usi” (eat food so that you may live, and do not live to eat food).^(GDLI|3, 116) A Tuscan proverb says that it is not the hook or the rod that deceives you but the bait.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)

+

+ The verb ''cibare'' “to feed” is recorded before 1306, in Iacopone da Todi.^(DELI 1999) ''Cibarie'' “foodstuffs” appears in the minutes of the provisional municipality of Venice in 1797, while Nocentini dates it to 1801–1803.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) Today the word is used in new compounds such as ''cibo di strada'' “street food” and ''cibo spazzatura'' “junk food”.^(Devoto–Oli 2026) [[scn|cibu]] and [[sc|tzibu]] are borrowings from Italian.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * About 1225 – Garzo has the first record.^(DELI 1999)

+ * About 1243 – Guido Faba uses ''cibo'' in his ''Parlamenti''.^(TLIO)

+ * Before 1306 – Iacopone da Todi uses ''cibare''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1322 – Old Sicilian has the popular form ''cívu''.^(LEI|14, 50)

+ * 1469 – Old Roman ''cevo'' is recorded.^(LEI|14, 50)

+ * 1797 – ''Cibarie'' is recorded in Venice.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|food]], what people or animals eat: ''Il gatto ha già finito il suo cibo'', ''non toccare cibo'', to eat nothing.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # A dish, a prepared food: ''La polenta è un cibo semplice e nutriente.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Spiritual or intellectual [[m|en|nourishment]], or a person's great passion: ''La musica è il suo cibo.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(Christianity)'' ''cibo eucaristico'': the [[m|en|Eucharist]].^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(archaic)'' The meal, the time of eating.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[cibare]]

+ * [[cibarie]]

+ * [[cibario]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[civaia]]

+ * [[la|cibus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Zingarelli distinguishes ''cibo'', food in general, from colloquial ''mangiare'' and, from ''vivanda'', food as prepared for a meal.^(Zingarelli 2010) The old plural ''cibora'' appears in early texts.^(GDLI|3, 116)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}