gruppo Italian · revision 37939

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=borrowing|attested=1536, Pietro Aretino (as groppo)|origins=gem-pro *kruppaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈɡrup.po/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''gruppo''' ''m'' (plural gruppi)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a form of [[groppo|t=knot, tangle]], and has the same Germanic origin.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(DEI|1878) According to DELI, both are [[bor|la-lat|cruppa|t=thick rope]], a word of the Latin glosses that renders a Germanic word for a lump, related to [[de|Kropf|t=goitre]].^(DELI 1999)^(Gabrielli 2020) Wiktionary reconstructs [[la-vul|*cruppus]], from [[frk|*krupp]], from [[gem-pro|*kruppaz|t=bunch; lump]].^(Wiktionary) Nocentini takes it from [[got|*kruppa|t=tangle, round mass; knot]], and Devoto from Old High German, through [[la-med|*gruppus]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto 1968) Meyer-Lübke found the relation between this word, [[groppa]] and the French [[m|fr|croupe]] unclear.^(REW 1935) The initial /g/ is the voicing of /k/ before /r/ that is not rare in Tuscan.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ The word passed from Italian to [[fr|groupe]] (1668, in art) and [[es|grupo]], and through French to [[en|group]] and [[de|Gruppe]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(DIFIT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's first record of the sense “set of things or persons” is in Pietro Aretino's ''Dialogues'' (1536), in the form ''groppo''; in its present form it appears in Galileo before 1642, who writes of “il gruppo delle macchie” (the group of sunspots).^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(GDLI|7, 83) In art criticism ''gruppo di figure'' is recorded from 1550, in Giorgio Vasari.^(DELI 1999)^(DIFIT)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 16th and 17th centuries the word also meant a bundle, and especially a sealed bag of coins;^(DIFIT)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861|2, 1227)^(DEI|1878) French took this as ''group'' (1723).^(DIFIT)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861|2, 1227)^(DEI|1878) In music ''gruppo'' and ''gruppetto'' named an ornament of several notes, recorded from about 1535, and English borrowed ''gruppo'' in this sense in 1674.^(DELI 1999)^(DIFIT)

+

+ DELI's dated senses trace its spread: a body of people bound by nature, interests or ideas (before 1808, Cesarotti), a division in a scientific classification (1833), a group photograph (1860), a set of linked devices (1887), a group of companies (1936) and the pack in a cycling race (1954).^(DELI 1999) ''Gruppo di pressione'' (1963) is a calque of American English ''pressure group''.^(DELI 1999) From the 1970s ''gruppettaro'' and ''gruppuscolo'' named members of small far-left groups; the suffix of the first shows that it spread from Rome, and the second follows French ''groupuscule''.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * About 1535 – ''Gruppetto'' names a musical ornament in Annibal Caro.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1536 – Pietro Aretino uses ''groppo'' for a group of things or people.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * 1550 – Vasari writes of a ''gruppo di figure''.^(DELI 1999)^(DIFIT)

+ * Before 1642 – Galileo uses the form ''gruppo''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1668 – French ''groupe'' is recorded in art.^(DIFIT)

+ * 1674 – English borrows ''gruppo'' as a musical term.^(DIFIT)

+ * Before 1808 – Melchiorre Cesarotti uses it for a group of people with common bonds.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1860 – It is used for a group photograph.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1954 – It is used for the pack in cycling.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1963 – ''Gruppo di pressione'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|group]], cluster: several people or things together: ''Un gruppo di ragazzi aspettava davanti al cinema.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A group of people with shared ideals, interests or aims: ''un gruppo politico''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # A [[m|en|team]] working together: ''gruppo di ricerca''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # A [[m|en|band]], a group of musicians: ''Suona la batteria in un gruppo jazz.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(cycling)'' The main [[m|en|pack]] of riders, the peloton.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(military)'' A unit of two or more batteries or squadrons, of similar ships, or of several air squadrons.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(economics)'' A group of companies under common control.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(art)'' A group of figures, especially in sculpture.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(science)'' A class in a classification; in mathematics, a group in the algebraic sense.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wikizionario)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[aggruppare]]

+ * [[gruppetto]]

+ * [[raggruppare]]

+ * [[gruppettaro]]

+ * [[gruppuscolo]]

+ * [[raggruppamento]]

+ * [[sottogruppo]]

+ * [[gruppale]]

+ * [[intergruppo]]

+ * [[semigruppo]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[groppo]]

+ * [[groppa]]

+ * [[fr|groupe]]

+ * [[en|group]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The word forms many set phrases, such as ''gruppo sanguigno'' “blood group” (1956), ''gruppo elettrogeno'' “generating set” (1909), ''gruppo parlamentare'' and ''foto di gruppo''.^(DELI 1999)^(Treccani 2011)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}