odio Italian · revision 37921

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1219, Breve di Montieri|origins=la ōdī}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈɔ.djo/^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Forms==

+ '''odio''' ''m'' (plural odi)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a learned word, [[bor|la|odium|t=hatred]], from the verb [[m|la|ōdī|t=I hate]], a perfect with present meaning.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) DEI notes that it came down mainly through the Medieval Latin of the Church; a semi-popular outcome survives only in Old Catalan [[m|ca|oy]].^(DEI|2628)^(REW 1935) The inherited doublet is [[uggia|t=boredom, irritation]], which Körting traced to the plural [[m|la|odia]].^(Wiktionary)^(Körting 1907) [[es|odio]] is also learned.^(Nocentini 2010)^(Körting 1907)

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+ The Latin noun goes back to [[itc-pro|*odjom]] and has a cognate in [[osc|oiim]]; its /d/ was restored after the verb.^(Wiktionary) DELI finds no sure Indo-European relatives for the verb, while Nocentini and Devoto compare a Greek verb meaning “to be angry” and an Armenian one meaning “to hate”.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto 1968)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is the ''Breve di Montieri'', a statute of the Tuscan town of Montieri, of 1219, with the sense “total and intense aversion towards someone”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Brunetto Latini defined hatred as old anger: “Odio non è altro se non ira invecchiata” (hatred is nothing but anger grown old), and the 14th-century commentators on Dante repeat the definition.^(GDLI|11, 808)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861|3, 572) Dante gives the word a moral sense, the condemnation that evil earns in heaven.^(GRADIT 2003) The sense “deep intolerance of something” appears in Giovanni Della Casa (before 1556).^(DELI 1999)

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+ The verb ''odiare'' is formed in Italian from the noun and is recorded before 1250, and ''odioso'' “hateful” appears in Dante.^(DELI 1999) Dante also took ''odibile'' directly from Latin.^(DELI 1999) Modern usage has ''odio di classe'' “class hatred”, and Devoto–Oli records ''discorso di incitamento all'odio'' as the Italian for hate speech.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1219 – ''Odio'' appears in the ''Breve di Montieri''.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * Before 1250 – The verb ''odiare'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1304–1308 – Dante uses ''odioso'' and ''odibile''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1342 – Domenico Cavalca uses ''odiabile''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1556 – Della Casa uses ''odio'' for an intolerance of things.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1640 – ''Odiosità'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|hatred]], hate: strong hostility towards someone, with a wish to harm them: ''Lo guardava con odio.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A deep [[m|en|aversion]] to or intolerance of something: ''avere in odio la menzogna''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # In a weaker sense, strong dislike: ''Ha un odio per le feste di compleanno.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # ''(uncommon)'' An object of hatred or dislike.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(literary)'' Moral condemnation of evil.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[odiare]]

+ * [[odioso]]

+ * [[odiosità]]

+ * [[odiabile]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[odiato]]

+ * [[odiatore]]

+ * [[uggia]]

+ * [[la|odium]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Odio'' is also the first person singular present of ''odiare'': ''(io) odio'', “I hate”.^(Wiktionary) The plural is ''odi'', less often ''odii''.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) ''Avere in odio'' means “to hate”, and ''venire in odio a qualcuno'' “to become hateful to someone”.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}