aperto Italian · revision 37896

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=13th century|origins=ine-pro *h₂wer-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /aˈpɛr.to/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''aperto''' (feminine aperta, masculine plural aperti, feminine plural aperte, superlative apertissimo)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old forms include [[roa-oit|aprito]], formed on the verb [[aprire]], and northern [[roa-oit|averto]] and [[roa-oit|operto]].^(TLIO)^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|apertus|t=open; uncovered]], the past participle of [[m|la|aperiō|t=to open]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Wiktionary)^(OLD 2012) The Latin verb survives in [[es|abrir]], [[pt|abrir]] and [[fur|avrî]], while [[fr|ouvrir]], [[oc|obrir]] and [[ca|obrir]] continue a form [[la-vul|*operiō|alt=*operīre]], remade under the influence of [[m|la|cooperiō|t=to cover]].^(LEI|2, 1716) The Latin neuter used as a noun, [[m|la|apertum|t=open space]], lives on in Spanish and Italian.^(LEI|2, 1746)

+

+ De Vaan explains [[m|la|aperiō]] as [[itc-pro|*ap-wer-je-]], with the prefix “off” and [[ine-pro|*h₂wer-|t=to cover]], and the antonym [[m|la|operiō|t=to cover]] is formed the same way with another prefix.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Devoto 1968)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is in the ''Istoria'' of Pseudo-Uguccione, a Lombard text of the first half of the 13th century, for something that lets one pass because it is not shut.^(TLIO) DELI's earliest sense is “plain, explicit”, in Brunetto Latini before 1294, and “not closed” follows in the form ''aprito'' in Iacopone before 1306 and as ''aperto'' in Dante before 1321.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The sense “frank, candid” is recorded before 1388, in Antonio Pucci, and the phonetic ''vocale aperta'' “open vowel” before 1589, in Lionardo Salviati.^(DELI 1999) The TLIO already has the open sea, a city or person exposed to attack, and the phrase ''tenere gli occhi aperti'' “to keep one's eyes open”.^(TLIO)

+

+ As a noun, Old Lombard ''averto'' meant a square before 1274.^(LEI|2, 1746) Italian ''aperto'' is “the open sea” in Tasso (1581) and “an open space” in Redi (1698), and ''all'aperto'' “in the open air” has been used since Annibal Caro (1566).^(LEI|2, 1746) Recent senses include an open question or contest and the ''coppia aperta'', an open marriage.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Gabrielli 2020) In the dialects of the Veneto ''aperta'' means “spring”.^(DEI|238)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * First half of the 13th century – Pseudo-Uguccione's ''Istoria'' has the first record.^(TLIO)

+ * Before 1274 – Old Lombard ''averto'' “square” is recorded.^(LEI|2, 1746)

+ * Before 1294 – Brunetto Latini uses ''aperto'' “plain, explicit”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1306 – Iacopone da Todi uses the form ''aprito''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1388 – Antonio Pucci uses ''aperto'' “frank”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1566 – ''All'aperto'' is recorded in Annibal Caro.^(LEI|2, 1746)

+ * Before 1589 – Lionardo Salviati uses ''vocale aperta''.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|open]], not closed or shut: ''Ho lasciato la finestra aperta tutta la notte.''^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # Open to the public, in service, or open to anyone who wants to take part: ''La farmacia è aperta anche di domenica.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # Wide, unobstructed: ''aperta campagna'', open country, ''mare aperto'', the open sea.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Not settled, [[m|en|unresolved]], of uncertain outcome: ''Il campionato è ancora aperto.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Frank, [[m|en|candid]], outgoing: ''Ha un carattere aperto e allegro.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # Manifest, declared: ''guerra aperta''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(figurative)'' [[m|en|open-minded]], receptive to new ideas.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(phonetics)'' Of a vowel, articulated with the mouth more open, or of a syllable, ending in a vowel.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # An open place, the open air, mostly in ''all’aperto'': ''Stasera ceniamo all’aperto.''^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)^(LEI|2, 1746)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[apertura]]

+ * [[apertamente]]

+ * [[all'aperto]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[aprire]]

+ * [[coprire]]

+ * [[la|apertus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Fixed phrases include ''a bocca aperta'' “open-mouthed (with amazement)”, ''a braccia aperte'' “with open arms”, ''sognare a occhi aperti'' “to daydream”, ''lettera aperta'' “open letter” and ''città aperta'' “open city”.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)^(Treccani 2011) The vowel is open: /aˈpɛr.to/.^(Wiktionary)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}