campo Italian · revision 37886

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=early 13th century, Uguccione da Lodi|origins=la campus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈkam.po/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''campo''' ''m'' (plural campi)^(Wiktionary)

+ An old plural is ''càmpora''.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(LEI|10, 417) The TLIO's forms include [[roa-oit|canpo]] and [[roa-oit|chanpo]].^(TLIO)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|campus|t=plain, open country; field]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The word is found in all the Romance languages: [[fr|champ]], [[oc|camp]], [[ca|camp]], [[es|campo]], [[pt|campo]], [[sc|campu]] and [[ro|câmp]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935) In Latin it overlapped with [[m|la|ager|t=cultivated land]] and took over its place, so that only Romanian and Sardinian still use it for open, untilled plain.^(LEI|10, 417)^(DEI|709) As the field of military exercise and of battle it passed into Germanic, as [[goh|kampf]], whence [[de|Kampf|t=battle]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)^(DEI|709)

+

+ The origin of the Latin word is uncertain.^(DELI 1999)^(OLD 2012) Nocentini compares [[grc|καμπή|tr=kampḗ|t=bend]] and [[lt|kampas|t=corner]] and starts from a root meaning “to bend”, with “field” reached through “hollow, valley” or “level corner of land”.^(Nocentini 2010)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan finds the Latin vowel hard to explain and suggests a European substrate word from farming, while DEI and the GDLI think of a Mediterranean relic.^(de Vaan 2008)^(DEI|709)^(GDLI|2, 605)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is in Uguccione da Lodi (early 13th century), in the sense of farmland: whoever has money to lend at usury buys “de la terra, canpi, vigna e closura” (land, fields, vineyards and enclosures).^(DELI 1999)^(TLIO)^(GDLI|2, 605)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Bono Giamboni (before 1292) has the word for a place of battle, exercise or tournament, and Dino Compagni (1310–1312) for an army drawn up for war.^(DELI 1999) The figurative “field, area, subject” appears before 1327 in Cecco d'Ascoli, the background of a painting in 1436 at Ferrara, and the field of vision in Tommaseo's dictionary (1865).^(DELI 1999) In Venice a ''campo'' is a square, larger than a ''campiello''.^(DEI|709)^(DIFIT)

+

+ Several phrases follow foreign models: ''campo di Marte'' and ''campo dell'onore'' copy French, and ''campo di concentramento'' renders English ''concentration camp'' (1901), from the Boer War; in 1902 the ''Civiltà cattolica'' still hesitated between ''campo di concentramento'' and ''campo di concentrazione''.^(DELI 1999) ''Camposanto'' “cemetery” may first have meant the potter's field bought with Judas's thirty pieces of silver.^(DELI 1999) The verb ''campare'' “to survive, make a living” (before 1250) meant at first to come out alive from the battlefield, according to Nocentini.^(Nocentini 2010)^(DELI 1999) ''Campeggio'' (1924) follows English ''camping''.^(DELI 1999) French ''camp'' may come from Italian or from Norman-Picard, and French uses ''campo'' for an Italian square (1867).^(DIFIT)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Early 13th century – Uguccione da Lodi uses ''canpi'' for farmland.^(DELI 1999)^(TLIO)

+ * Before 1250 – Giacomo da Lentini uses ''campare'' “to escape”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses ''campo'' for a field of battle.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1310–1312 – Dino Compagni uses it for an army in battle order.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1327 – Cecco d'Ascoli uses it for a field of study.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1436 – A Ferrara text uses it for the background of a painting.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1761 – The sense “square” is recorded.^(DIFIT)

+ * 1865 – Tommaseo's dictionary records the field of vision.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1902 – ''Campo di concentramento'' appears in the ''Civiltà cattolica''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1924 – ''Campeggio'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|field]], a piece of land for crops or grazing; in the plural, the countryside: ''un campo di girasoli''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A place of military exercises or battle; a military [[m|en|camp]]: ''piantare il campo''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # A camp for refugees, prisoners, workers and the like: ''campo profughi''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # A sports ground, pitch or court: ''campo da tennis''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' A field, sphere, domain: ''È un esperto nel campo dell'energia solare.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # The background of a painting or relief; in [[araldica|alt=heraldry]], the field of a shield.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(DEI|709)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(physics)'' A field of force: ''campo magnetico''.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ # The space taken in by the eye or a lens; in film, a shot: ''campo lungo''.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Mobile phone signal: ''Nel bosco il cellulare non aveva campo.''^(Wiktionary)

+ # In Venice, a square.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[campale]]

+ * [[campare]]

+ * [[campata]]

+ * [[campeggiare]]

+ * [[campeggio]]

+ * [[campestre]]

+ * [[campiello]]

+ * [[camposanto]]

+ * [[scampare]]

+ * [[accampare]]

+ * [[accampamento]]

+ * [[campire]]

+ * [[controcampo]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[campagna]]

+ * [[campesino]]

+ * [[camporella]]

+ * [[la|campus]]

+ * [[fr|champ]]

+ * [[de|Kampf]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}