futuro Italian · revision 37873

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=about 1260–1261, Brunetto Latini|origins=ine-pro *bʰuH-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /fuˈtu.ro/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''futuro''' (feminine futura, masculine plural futuri, feminine plural future, adverb futuramente)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a learned word, [[bor|la|futūrus|t=about to be]], the future participle of [[m|la|sum|t=to be]], built on the stem of the perfect [[m|la|fuī|t=I was]]; the noun follows [[m|la|futūrum|t=what is to be]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(OLD 2012) The same Latin word gave [[fr|futur]], the source of [[en|future]], and [[es|futuro]].^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ De Vaan derives the stem ⟨fu-⟩ from an Indo-European aorist meaning “to become”, [[ine-pro|*bʰuH-]], and the participle from [[m|ine-pro|*bʰh₂u-tó-]]; its relatives include [[grc|φύω|tr=phúō|t=to bring forth, grow]], [[sa|भवति|tr=bhávati|t=becomes, is]] and [[lt|būti|t=to be]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is Brunetto Latini's ''Rettorica'' of about 1260–1261, which speaks of the future things on which a man takes counsel: “Sopra le cose future prende l'uomo consiglio”.^(TLIO)^(GDLI|6, 512) DELI dates both the adjective, “that will be”, and the noun, “the time to come”, to Latini.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Dante's harpies foretold “futuro danno” (harm to come) to the Trojans, and Petrarch set the present, past and future things that make war on him side by side.^(GDLI|6, 512) The grammatical future tense is named before 1416, by Federico Frezzi.^(DELI 1999) In the plural, ''i futuri'' meant posterity, a use the TLIO already records.^(TLIO)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ''Futuribile'', what may happen, goes back to a Latin coinage of Luis de Molina in the controversies over grace, and is recorded in Italian before 1873.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) ''Futurismo'', used once by Vincenzo Gioberti in 1843 for a sense of the future, took its modern meaning from Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's manifesto in ''Le Figaro'' of 20 February 1909; the Catalan writer Gabriel Alomar had used the word for anti-traditionalism in 1904.^(DELI 1999) ''Futurologia'' followed in 1970.^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * About 1260–1261 – Brunetto Latini uses ''future'' in his ''Rettorica''.^(TLIO)

+ * Before 1416 – Federico Frezzi uses ''futuro'' for the verb tense.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1843 – Vincenzo Gioberti uses ''futurismo'' for a sense of the future.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1873 – ''Futuribile'' appears in Raffaello Lambruschini.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1909 – Marinetti launches ''futurismo'' and ''futurista''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1970 – ''Futurologia'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|future]], coming: ''negli anni futuri'', ''la vita futura'', the afterlife.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # Future, to-be, of a person: ''il futuro sindaco''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(grammar)'' Future, of a tense.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # The future, the time to come and what it will bring: ''Nessuno può sapere il futuro.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # [[m|en|prospects]], the future of a person or thing: ''un'azienda senza futuro''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''(grammar)'' The future [[m|en|tense]]: ''futuro semplice'', ''futuro anteriore''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(rare, plural)'' [[m|en|posterity]].^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[futurismo]]

+ * [[futurista]]

+ * [[futuribile]]

+ * [[futurologia]]

+ * [[futurologo]]

+ * [[futuramente]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[futuristico]]

+ * [[essere]]

+ * [[la|futūrus]]

+ * [[fr|futur]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Common phrases are ''in futuro'' (in future), ''a futura memoria'' (for the record) and the proverb ''il futuro è sulle ginocchia di Giove'', only the gods know what will happen.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020) Besides its use for the time to come, the Italian future tense often expresses a guess about the present, as in ''saranno le dieci''.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}