chiudere Italian · revision 37831

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1268, Andrea da Grosseto|origins=la claudō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈkju.de.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''chiudere''' (first-person singular present chiùdo, first-person singular past historic chiùsi, past participle chiùso, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-lat|clūdō|t=to close, shut]], the Late Latin form of [[la|claudō|t=to close, shut]], remade on compounds such as [[m|la|inclūdō]] and [[m|la|exclūdō]], where /au/ had regularly become /uː/.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto 1968)^(Treccani 2011) DELI notes that the newer form replaces the older one from Seneca's time on and continues in the Romance languages, except in the west, from Sardinia to Portugal, which kept the classical vowel.^(DELI 1999) DEI says that the form with /u/ is mainly central and southern.^(DEI|912) The same verb is [[fr|clore]] (now dated), [[oc|claure]], [[ca|cloure]] and [[fur|clúdi]], but it did not survive in Spanish.^(Nocentini 2010)^(LEI|14, 1175)

+

+ Nocentini and DEI connect it with [[m|la|clāvis|t=key]] and [[m|la|clāvus|t=nail]], the sources of [[chiave]] and [[chiodo]], although DEI calls its links with other Indo-European languages unclear.^(Nocentini 2010)^(DEI|912) De Vaan prefers a root [[ine-pro|*kleh₂u-d-|t=to shut]], close to [[goh|sliozan|t=to shut]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Devoto 1968) The initial /kl/ became /kj/, written ⟨chi⟩, as in the word for key.^(Devoto 1968)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is the Tuscan translation of Albertanus by Andrea da Grosseto (1268).^(TLIO) DELI's earliest dated senses are “to enclose, surround” (1300–1313) and “to block” (1304–1308), both in Dante, and “to bring together the parts of something” in Dino Compagni (1310–1312), who writes: “non ardimo a chiudere le porte” (we did not dare to shut the gates).^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI|3, 94)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Petrarch uses the verb for “to contain” (before 1374), the 14th-century ''Ottimo'' commentary on Dante for “to conclude, finish”, and Tasso the reflexive for “to withdraw, shut oneself away” (before 1595).^(DELI 1999) Old and dialect forms such as ''chiuggo'' and ''chiudetti'' appear in writers into the 18th century.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861|1, 1406)

+

+ The past participle gave the adjective and noun ''chiuso'' “closed; pen for animals” (1236, 1282) and the noun ''chiusa'' “enclosure” (13th century), later also a dam, a narrow pass (1553) and the closing lines of a poem (before 1642).^(DELI 1999) ''Chiusura'' is in Compagni, and ''chiusura lampo'' “zip fastener” is recorded in 1935; its figurative sense “closed-mindedness” dates from 1964.^(DELI 1999) Common phrases are ''chiudere un occhio'' “to turn a blind eye”, ''non chiudere occhio'' “not to sleep a wink” and ''chiudere i battenti'' “to close down”.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1268 – Andrea da Grosseto uses the verb.^(TLIO)

+ * 1282 – Restoro d'Arezzo uses the adjective ''chiuso''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1300–1313 – Dante uses ''chiudere'' for “to enclose”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1310–1312 – Dino Compagni uses it for shutting gates.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1374 – Petrarch uses it for “to contain”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1595 – Tasso uses the reflexive for “to withdraw”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1935 – ''Chiusura lampo'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|close]], [[m|en|shut]] a door, window or lid: ''Chiudi la finestra, fa freddo.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|lock]] or fasten something, ''chiudere a chiave'', to lock: ''Hai chiuso la macchina?''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To stop up, seal, cap: ''Ricordati di chiudere bene il barattolo.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To fold up or bring together the parts of something (an umbrella, a book, one's eyes or hand).^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To block, bar a road or passage: ''Hanno chiuso il ponte per lavori.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To enclose, surround: ''Una fila di cipressi chiude il cortile.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To turn off a tap, the gas or (colloquially) an appliance.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To end, conclude a speech, deal or account: ''chiudere un conto''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(transitive or intransitive)'' Of a shop or business, to close for the day or close down: ''La biblioteca chiude alle sette.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive, informal)'' To be done with someone or something: ''Ho chiuso con quella gente.''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[chiuso]]

+ * [[chiusa]]

+ * [[chiusura]]

+ * [[chiusino]]

+ * [[chiudenda]]

+ * [[racchiudere]]

+ * [[rinchiudere]]

+ * [[richiudere]]

+ * [[socchiudere]]

+ * [[schiudere]]

+ * [[dischiudere]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[chiudersi]]

+ * [[chiudiporta]]

+ * [[chiave]]

+ * [[chiodo]]

+ * [[includere]]

+ * [[escludere]]

+ * [[concludere]]

+ * [[la|claudo]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The past historic is ''chiusi'' and the past participle ''chiuso''.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Wiktionary) ''Chiudersi'' means “to close” of a door or flower, and “to shut oneself away” of a person.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}