rendere Italian · revision 37751

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1219, Breve di Montieri|origins=la dō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈrɛn.de.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rendere''' (first-person singular present rèndo, first-person singular past historic rési, past participle réso, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old forms include [[m|roa-oit|rendare]], [[m|roa-oit|rennere]] and [[m|roa-oit|renzere]], and the old past participle is ''renduto''.^(GDLI|15, 798)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-vul|*rendō|t=to give back]], a spoken form of [[la|reddō|t=to give back, restore]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The Latin verb is made of [[m|la|red-|t=back]] and [[m|la|dō|t=to give]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) The /nd/ is explained by the influence of verbs such as [[m|la|prehendō|t=to take]], [[m|la|pendō|t=to weigh]] and [[m|la|vendō|t=to sell]];^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003) DELI, following Eduard Schwyzer (1934), prefers this to a dissimilation of /dd/, and notes the same intrusion in [[fr|rendre]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003) Wiktionary adds that the past participle ⟨reso⟩ and the past historic ⟨resi⟩ were shaped after ⟨preso⟩ and ⟨presi⟩ from [[prendere]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The nasal form is [[oc|rendre]], [[es|rendir]] and [[pt|render]], while forms without it survive in [[pro|redre]] and [[ca|retre]].^(REW 1935)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ The noun [[rendita]] continues the Latin neuter plural [[m|la|redditus|alt=reddita]], brought into line with the verb; it is the counterpart of [[m|fr|rente]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's first record is the ''Breve di Montieri'' of 1219, in the form ''rendare'', for giving back what one has received;^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) ''rendere'' itself is in Guittone d'Arezzo before 1294.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) GDLI quotes the ''Breve'': “di rendare e renunziare in mano del camarlengo” (to give back and hand over to the treasurer).^(GDLI|15, 798)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The sense “to give” appears early in the 13th century in Uguccione da Lodi, and “to yield, produce” in the ''Novellino''.^(DELI 1999) Iacopone da Todi urged heirs to give back ill-gotten gains: “rennete / lo maltolletto”.^(GDLI|15, 798) Dante uses the verb for depicting or expressing something (1313–1319), for emitting, and reflexively for going to a place;^(DELI 1999) Boccaccio (1348–1353) for making someone or something become.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ The sense “to translate” is recorded by Tommaseo in 1872, who added that although French uses it too it is not a Gallicism;^(DELI 1999) “to give good results” follows in 1891.^(DELI 1999) Derivatives include ''resa'' “surrender” (before 1565) and ''resoconto'' “report”, modelled on [[m|fr|compte rendu]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1219 – The ''Breve di Montieri'' has ''rendare''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Early 13th century – Uguccione da Lodi uses it for giving.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1294 – Guittone d'Arezzo has ''rendere''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Late 13th century – The ''Novellino'' uses it for yielding a profit.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1313–1319 – Dante uses it for depicting and expressing.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1348–1353 – Boccaccio uses it for making someone become.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1565 – ''Resa'' “surrender” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1872 – Tommaseo records the sense “to translate”.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To give back, [[m|en|return]]: ''Mi ha reso le chiavi solo stamattina.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To return, repay a favour, a greeting or a wrong: ''rendere il saluto''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # To give, pay, offer: ''rendere omaggio'', ''rendere testimonianza''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To [[m|en|yield]], be profitable: ''Quel negozio non rende più.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of a person, to perform well in an activity.^(GRADIT 2003)

+ # To make, cause to become: ''La notizia l'ha reso felice.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To express, convey, [[m|en|render]]; to translate: ''rendere l'idea''.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(DELI 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(literary)'' To emit a sound.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[rendita]]

+ * [[rendimento]]

+ * [[rendiconto]]

+ * [[rendicontare]]

+ * [[resa]]

+ * [[resoconto]]

+ * [[arrendersi]]

+ * [[arrendevole]]

+ * [[arrendevolezza]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[reddito]]

+ * [[prendere]]

+ * [[la|reddō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The past historic is ''resi'' (literary ''rendei'', ''rendetti'') and the past participle ''reso''.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010) Set phrases include ''a buon rendere'', said when accepting a favour, ''rendere l'anima a Dio'' “to die”, ''rendere pan per focaccia'' “to pay back in kind”, ''rendersi conto'' “to realize” and ''vuoto a rendere'' “returnable bottle”.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}