stupido Italian · revision 37745

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1282, Restoro d'Arezzo|origins=ine-pro *stup-eh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈstu.pi.do/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''stupido''' (feminine stupida, masculine plural stupidi, feminine plural stupide)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old Italian also has [[m|roa-oit|stipido]].^(TLIO)^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a learned word, [[bor|la|stupidus|t=dazed, stunned]], from [[m|la|stupeō|t=to be numb, to be amazed]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Wiktionary) The Latin adjective already meant “dull-witted” as well as “stunned”.^(Nocentini 2010)^(de Vaan 2008) The same Latin word gave [[fr|stupide]], recorded in 1503, and [[es|estúpido]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(DEI|3664)

+

+ De Vaan derives [[m|la|stupeō]] from [[ine-pro|*stup-eh₁-|t=to hit, push]]: being struck explains “to be stunned”.^(de Vaan 2008) DELI gives the root as [[ine-pro|*(s)tewp-|t=to beat]], and its cognates include [[grc|τύπτω|tr=túptō|t=to strike]].^(DELI 1999)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is in Restoro d'Arezzo's ''Composizione del mondo'' of 1282, in the Latin sense: unable to move, speak or react, as when struck by amazement.^(TLIO)^(Zingarelli 2010) Dante uses it in this sense in the ''Purgatorio'': ''ch'io stava / stupido tutto al carro de la luce'' (“that I stood all amazed at the chariot of light”).^(DELI 1999)^(GDLI|20, 429)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ For centuries ''stupido'' meant “astonished, dazed” or “numb”: Tommaseo still gives first the sense “full of wonder” and quotes an arm made numb by the electric ray.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)^(GDLI) The sense “of little intelligence” is recorded in Paolo Segneri in 1673, and the noun ''uno stupido'', “a stupid person”, in the dictionary of Rigutini and Fanfani in 1875.^(DELI 1999) The old sense survives only as literary.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ Derivatives followed the modern sense: ''stupidità'' (18th century in Nocentini, 14th century in the DEI), ''stupidaggine'' (1861), ''stupidario'' (1943), a collection of stupid remarks, and ''stupidata'' (1950).^(Nocentini 2010)^(DEI|3664) Maltese borrowed the word as ''stupidu''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1282 – Restoro d'Arezzo uses ''stupido'' “dazed”.^(TLIO)

+ * 1313–1319 – Dante uses it in the ''Purgatorio''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1673 – Paolo Segneri uses it for “of little intelligence”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1861 – ''Stupidaggine'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1875 – The noun “stupid person” appears in Rigutini and Fanfani's dictionary.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Slow to understand, of little [[m|en|intelligence]]; [[m|en|stupid]]: ''un tipo stupido''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Naive, foolish in a given case: ''Sono stato stupido a credergli.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # Showing a lack of intelligence: ''una domanda stupida''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(literary)'' [[m|en|astonished|alt=Astonished]], dazed.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A stupid person, an [[m|en|idiot]]; also, among friends, a mild reproach: ''Ma non dire così, stupido!''^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[stupidità]]

+ * [[stupidaggine]]

+ * [[stupidata]]

+ * [[stupidario]]

+ * [[stupidamente]]

+ * [[stupidezza]]

+ * [[stupidire]]

+ * [[istupidire]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stupire]]

+ * [[stupore]]

+ * [[stupendo]]

+ * [[la|stupidus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}