mangiare Italian · revision 37699

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1158, Testimonianze di Travale|origins=la mandō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /manˈd͡ʒa.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''mangiare''' (first-person singular present màngio, first-person singular past historic mangiài, past participle mangiàto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old and regional forms include [[roa-oit|manzare]], [[roa-oit|magnare]] and [[roa-oit|magiare]].^(TLIO)^(DEI|2346) Central Italy and Rome have [[magnare]], and Venice has [[vec|magnar]].^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Prati 1951|626)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fro|mangier]] (recorded in 1080), the regular outcome in French of [[la|mandūcō|t=to chew; to eat]], through an intermediate [[la-vul|*mandicō|alt=*mandicāre]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The Latin verb was formed from the noun ⟨mandūcō⟩ “glutton”, itself from [[m|la|mandō|t=to chew]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan relates that verb to [[sa|मन्थन्ति|tr=mánthanti|t=they whirl, rub]] and [[lt|mę̃sti|t=to mix]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ The Latin verb was inherited by Italian as [[roa-oit|manicare]] and [[m|roa-oit|manducare]], and it is [[sc|mandigare]] and [[ro|mânca]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935) The French verb displaced these native forms in Italy; it was also taken by [[ca|menjar]] and [[pt|manjar]].^(DEI|2346)^(REW 1935) Dante used ⟨mangiare⟩, ⟨manducare⟩ and ⟨manicare⟩, the first as the plain, practical word, though DELI doubts that the stylistic difference was as clear then as it seems now.^(DELI 1999) Benvenuto Terracini thought that the noun ⟨mangiare⟩ “meal”, not a word of humble kitchens, helped the French verb in.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is in the ''Testimonianze di Travale'' of 1158, for “to take food, chew it and swallow it”;^(DELI 1999)^(TLIO) the watchman's complaint is quoted by GDLI: “Guaita, guaita male: non mangiai ma mezo pane” (watchman, poor watchman: I ate only half a loaf).^(GDLI|9, 654) About the same time the word appears in Medieval Latin documents as a nickname, especially in personal names.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The figurative “devour” is in Dante's ''Commedia'' (1300–1313), “to eat into, corrode” in Zucchero Bencivenni in the 14th century, “to use up” in Vasari in 1550, “to squander” in Tommaseo–Bellini in 1869, and “to take a piece” at chess, draughts or cards in 1879.^(DELI 1999) In Old Italian it also meant to rob and oppress.^(TLIO) The noun ''mangiare'' “eating” is in Guittone d'Arezzo and “food” in Bono Giamboni, both before 1294.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ''Mangeria'' was used in the Levant in the 14th century for an arbitrary toll, which the traveller Giorgio Gucci glossed as robbery, and, from 1500 for illicit profits.^(DELI 1999) The Roman variant ''magnare'' threatened ''mangiare'' from the 18th century, because even in Tuscany it seemed more refined: Anton Maria Salvini complained that ladies said ''magnare'' out of affectation.^(DELI 1999) Compounds of ''mangia-'' and a noun are still formed: ''mangiapreti'' “priest-hater” (1881), ''mangiadischi'' (1968), a portable record player, and after it ''mangianastri'' (1970).^(DELI 1999)

+

+ The verb was borrowed into [[dlm|manciur]], and English slang had ''mungaree'' “food” from 1846.^(Wiktionary)^(DIFIT)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1158 – The ''Testimonianze di Travale'' use ''mangiai''.^(DELI 1999)^(TLIO)

+ * 1282 – ''Mangiadoia'' “manger” is in Ristoro d'Arezzo.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1294 – Guittone d'Arezzo uses the noun ''mangiare''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1300–1313 – Dante uses the verb for “devour”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 14th century – The sense “corrode” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1846 – English slang ''mungaree'' “food” is recorded.^(DIFIT)

+ * 1879 – The sense “take a piece” in games is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1968 – ''Mangiadischi'' is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|eat]], to take food into the mouth, chew it and swallow it; used absolutely, to take food: ''Mangio una mela ogni mattina.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To have a meal: ''Oggi mangiamo dalla nonna.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To eat habitually as food, or to eat prepared in a certain way.^(GRADIT 2003)

+ # Of mice, moths and other animals, to [[m|en|gnaw]] or eat away, ''(colloquial)'' of mosquitoes, to bite all over.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To [[m|en|corrode]] or erode; of an engine, to consume fuel.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To use up, to [[m|en|squander]] money or goods; to eat into savings.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To make illicit gains, especially from public office.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In chess, draughts and some card games, to [[m|en|capture]] a piece or card of the opponent.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # Eating; the food one eats, a meal; a diet: ''Il mangiare della mensa non è male.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[mangereccio]]

+ * [[mangeria]]

+ * [[mangiabile]]

+ * [[mangiafumo]]

+ * [[mangiapane]]

+ * [[mangiatoia]]

+ * [[mangiatore]]

+ * [[mangime]]

+ * [[mangione]]

+ * [[mangiucchiare]]

+ * [[rimangiare]]

+ * [[mangiadischi]]

+ * [[mangianastri]]

+ * [[mangiapreti]]

+ * [[mangiasoldi]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[manducare]]

+ * [[manicare]]

+ * [[mandibola]]

+ * [[la|manduco]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The ⟨i⟩ is only a spelling for the sound /dʒ/ and is not written before ⟨e⟩: ''mangio'', but ''mangerò''.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020) Common phrases include ''fare da mangiare'' “to cook”, ''mangiare in bianco'' “to eat plain food”, ''mangiare la foglia'' “to see through a trick”, and the proverb ''l'appetito vien mangiando''.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}