vostro Italian · revision 37638

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1186, Carta fabrianese|origins=la vōs}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈvɔs.tro/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vostro''' (feminine vostra, masculine plural vostri, feminine plural vostre)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old forms include ''vostru'' (1186), ''vosso'' (13th century, in the ''Laudi spirituali'') and ''vosto'' (14th century).^(DELI 1999)^(DEI|4091)

+ Sardinian has ''bostru'', and the GDLI records ''bòstru'', ''vòsso'' and ''vòstru'' among its old forms.^(GDLI|21, 1021)^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|voster|t=your]], from the accusative [[m|la|vostrum]], the popular form of classical [[m|la|vester]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The form with ⟨o⟩ is recorded from the 2nd century AD;^(DELI 1999)^(DEI|4091)^(Prati 1951|1064) DELI, quoting Tekavčić, explains that popular Latin used it in place of the classical word, that it is already in Plautus, and that the pairing of [[m|la|nōs|t=we]] with [[m|la|vōs|t=you]] made it easy for it to be remade again and again on the model of [[m|la|noster|t=our]].^(DELI 1999)^(DEI|4091)^(Prati 1951|1064) The word is panromance: [[fr|vôtre]], [[oc|vostre]], [[ca|vostre]], [[es|vuestro]], [[pt|vosso]], [[sc|bostru]] and [[ro|vostru]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)^(Körting 1907)

+

+ The DÉRom reconstructs the Proto-Romance possessive from cognates in every Romance variety, with a reduced type in /-ss-/ confined to Ligurian, Tuscan, Romansh and Galician-Portuguese;^(DÉRom) to this type belongs [[roa-oit|vosso]].^(DEI|4091) Latin formed the possessive on the pronoun with the suffix [[m|la|-ter]], which marked a contrast between two, as in the word for “other”;^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto 1968|475) Wiktionary traces the classical form to [[itc-pro|*westeros]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The earliest record is the form ''vostru'' in the Carta fabrianese of 1186, a document from the Marche, in the sense “belonging to you”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) The GDLI quotes it: ''de lo vostru et nostra sientia'' (with your and our knowledge).^(GDLI|21, 1021) The Tuscan form ''vostro'' appears at the end of the 13th century in the ''Novellino''.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The plural of respect, used to address a single person of higher rank, is recorded in 1242–1243 in the letters of Guido Fava,^(DELI 1999) and it survives in titles such as ''Vostra Eccellenza'' and ''Vostra Signoria'';^(Treccani 2011) the contraction ''vossignoria'' is in Paolo Segneri.^(Prati 1951|1064) Dante uses the word for the whole party of the person addressed when he makes Farinata hear that ''i vostri non appreser ben quell'arte'' (your side never learned that art well).^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ The sense of kinship, friendship and dependence (''vostro padre'', ''il vostro medico'') is dated by DELI to Giovan Battista Fagiuoli, before 1742.^(DELI 1999) The pronoun ''il vostro'', “what is yours”, is recorded by Petrocchi in 1891, and elliptical colloquial uses such as ''dite la vostra'' (say what you think) by 1815.^(DELI 1999)^(Treccani 2011) With nouns of kinship the possessive takes no article in the singular (''vostra madre''), but it does in the plural and with diminutives or affectionate forms (''i vostri fratelli'', ''la vostra sorellina'').^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1186 – ''Vostru'' is recorded in the Carta fabrianese.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * 1242–1243 – Guido Fava uses the plural of respect.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 13th century – The form ''vosso'' appears in the ''Laudi spirituali''.^(DEI|4091)

+ * End of the 13th century – The Tuscan form ''vostro'' appears in the ''Novellino''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 14th century – The form ''vosto'' is recorded.^(DEI|4091)

+ * Before 1742 – Fagiuoli uses it for relatives and friends.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1891 – Petrocchi records the pronoun use.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Determiner===

+ # [[m|en|your]] (of more than one person): belonging to you, owned by you: ''la vostra macchina è in seconda fila''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # Being part of you or proper to you: ''conosco i vostri gusti''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # Done, said or written by you: ''abbiamo letto la vostra proposta''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # Related to you by kinship, friendship or work: ''vostro zio'', ''i vostri colleghi''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # ''(formal)'' In titles and in the plural of respect, your, addressed to one person: ''Vostra Eccellenza''.^(Treccani 2011)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # [[m|en|yours]]: ''il nostro giardino è più piccolo del vostro''.^(Wiktionary)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(plural)'' ''i vostri'', your family, friends or side.^(Treccani 2011)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[vossignoria]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[voi]]

+ * [[nostro]]

+ * [[la|vester]]

+ * [[fr|vôtre]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}