giorno Italian · revision 37637

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1171, Molise document (Memoratorio del Monte Capraro)|origins=la diēs}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈd͡ʒor.no/, /ˈd͡ʒɔr.no/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''giorno''' ''m'' (plural giorni, diminutive giornìno or (uncommon) giornerèllo, pejorative giornàccio)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old forms include ''iurni'' (1171), ''iurnu'' (12th century), ''iorno'' (1224), ''çorno'', ''giurno'' and ''jorno''.^(DELI 1999)^(TLIO)

+ The GDLI also lists the old and dialect forms ''iórno'' and ''iurno''.^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-lat|diurnum|t=day]], short for [[m|la-lat|diurnum tempus|t=daytime]], the neuter of the adjective [[la|diurnus|t=of the day, daily]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The noun is recorded in Latin from the 4th century;^(Wiktionary)^(DEI|1813) in classical Latin it had meant “a daily ration” or “a record of the day's events”.^(GDLI)^(Prati 1951|505) DELI glosses the base as “belonging to the light”, with [[m|la|diū|t=by day]].^(DELI 1999)^(Devoto 1968|203) The same word is [[fr|jour]], [[oc|jorn]] and [[ca|jorn]]: it belongs to Italy, France and Catalonia.^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)^(DEI|1813)

+

+ Nocentini explains that the derived form gradually replaced [[m|la|diēs|t=day]] in Gallo-Romance and in part of Italo-Romance because it had more phonetic body than the monosyllable that survives as [[dì]].^(Nocentini 2010) Meyer-Lübke noted that the word was at first absent from northern and southern Italy and spread there from the written language.^(REW 1935) Giuliano Bonfante went further and held that it did not continue the Latin word without a break but spread in Italy from the French word or rather from [[pro|jorn]];^(DELI 1999) Clemente Merlo objected, and DELI keeps the direct Latin origin.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ The Latin adjective goes back to an older [[m|la|*diusnus]], from [[m|la|diūs]], the earlier nominative of the word for “day”, with the suffix [[m|la|-nus]].^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives that noun from [[ine-pro|*dyew-|t=the sky, the god of the bright sky]]: the day was the time when the sky was bright.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is the plural ''iurni'' in the Memoratorio del Monte Capraro, a document of 1171 from Molise, in the sense of a span of twenty-four hours; the ''Ritmo di Sant'Alessio'' has ''iurnu'' in the 12th century, and the Tuscan ''giorno'' is in Chiaro Davanzati in the 13th century.^(DELI 1999)^(TLIO)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The sense “daylight, the time between sunrise and sunset” is in Saint Francis's ''Canticle'' of 1224 (''iorno'') and in Dante.^(DELI 1999) Re Enzo, before 1272, uses the word for an indefinite stretch of time, and Old Italian already had many fixed phrases: ''un giorno'', ''l'altro giorno'', ''al giorno'', and ''a tutti i giorni'' “always”.^(DELI 1999)^(TLIO) The sense “feast, anniversary” is recorded by Petrocchi in 1887.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ French has left marks on the family: Machiavelli notes that pitched battles were called ''giornate'' “with a French word”, ''tutto giorno'' in Scipione Maffei (1747) translates French ''toujours'', and the embroidery term ''punto a giorno'' comes from French ''à jour''.^(DELI 1999)^(Prati 1951|505)^(GDLI) The derivative ''giornale'' meant a daily register from 1393 and a printed newspaper from 1797, while ''giornalista'' was taken from French ''journaliste''.^(Nocentini 2010) In astronomy the word also names the period of one rotation of the Earth or of another body on its axis.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1171 – The plural ''iurni'' appears in a document from Molise.^(DELI 1999)^(TLIO)

+ * 12th century – The ''Ritmo di Sant'Alessio'' has ''iurnu''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1224 – Saint Francis uses ''iorno'' for daylight.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 13th century – Chiaro Davanzati writes ''giorno''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1272 – Re Enzo uses it for an indefinite time.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1393 – ''Giornale'' “daily register” is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1515–1517 – Machiavelli calls ''giornate'' a French word for battles.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1797 – ''Giornale'' is used for a newspaper.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * 1887 – Petrocchi records the sense “feast, anniversary”.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|day]]: a period of twenty-four hours from one midnight to the next: ''la gita dura tre giorni''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # A period of twenty-four hours counted from any hour.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(astronomy)'' The time the Earth or another body takes to turn once on its axis.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # The time of [[m|en|daylight]] between sunrise and sunset, as opposed to the night: ''di giorno lavora, di sera studia''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # A day as marked by its weather or events: ''un giorno di nebbia''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # A day on which something is celebrated or commemorated: ''il giorno del suo compleanno''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # An indefinite time, ''(plural)'' a period of life: ''ripenso spesso a quei giorni''.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[giornata]]

+ * [[giornale]]

+ * [[giornaliero]]

+ * [[giornalista]]

+ * [[giornalismo]]

+ * [[giornalaio]]

+ * [[aggiornare]]

+ * [[aggiornamento]]

+ * [[soggiornare]]

+ * [[soggiorno]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dì]]

+ * [[diurno]]

+ * [[la|diēs]]

+ * [[fr|jour]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Common phrases are ''buongiorno'' (good morning), ''al giorno d'oggi'' (nowadays), ''da un giorno all'altro'' (suddenly), ''giorno per giorno'' (day by day) and ''l'ordine del giorno'' (the agenda).^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011) The proverb ''il buon giorno si vede dal mattino'' means that a good start promises a good outcome.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}