guardare Italian · revision 37556

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=before about 1257, Bonagiunta Orbicciani|origins=frk *wardōn}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɡwarˈda.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''guardare''' (first-person singular present guàrdo, first-person singular past historic guardài, past participle guardàto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a Germanic loan: [[bor|frk|*wardōn|t=to be on guard, watch]],^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)^(DEI|1885) which came into Italian through the Latinized form [[m|la-med|guardō|alt=guardāre]], recorded from the 7th century.^(GRADIT 2003)^(DEI|1885)^(Devoto 1968|211) DELI and Nocentini call the source simply Germanic.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) The related verbs are [[goh|wartēn]], whence [[de|warten|t=to wait]], and [[ang|weardian|t=to guard]], whence [[en|ward]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ The verb spread to all the Romance languages except Romanian: [[fr|garder|t=to keep]], [[oc|guardar]], [[ca|guardar]], [[es|guardar]] and [[pt|guardar]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)^(DEI|1885) DEI considers [[fur|vardâ]] and the Engadine form direct continuants, and [[sc|bardare]] a loan from Italian.^(DEI|1885) Within Italy, DELI notes, the native verb was largely limited to the centre and north.^(DELI 1999) The noun [[guardia]] has a separate source, the Gothic word for a sentinel.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's first record is in Bonagiunta Orbicciani, before about 1257, in the sense “to turn one's eyes to see”.^(DELI 1999) GRADIT dates the verb to before 1250, and Devoto–Oli to the first half of the 13th century.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) An early use is in Giacomo da Lentini's lines on the basilisk, whose look kills: “Guardando basilisco venenoso”.^(GDLI|7)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The 13th century already had most of the modern senses: “to examine closely” (Giamboni, before 1292), “to guard, protect” (Iacopo Mostacci, 13th century; a Florentine text of 1297), “to keep watch”, and of buildings and windows “to face” (Giamboni, and the sea charts, where it is a key word).^(DELI 1999) Brunetto Latini uses ''guardarsi'' for “to abstain”, before 1294, and Barberino the intransitive ''guardare'' “to take care” in 1314.^(DELI 1999) Tommaseo distinguished it from ''vedere'': one can see a thing without looking at it, and look without seeing.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)

+

+ The Venetian and Sicilian imperative ''varda!'' “watch out!” passed into Turkish and Arabic.^(DEI|1885) Many compounds name guards and keepers: ''guardaroba'' (13th century), ''guardacoste'' (1703), ''guardalinee'' (1921) and ''guardaparco'' (1970); ''guardasigilli'' translates French ''garde des sceaux'', and ''guardavia'' is a calque of English ''guardrail''.^(DELI 1999) ''Guardone'' “voyeur” is recorded in 1964, and ''traguardo'' “finish line” in 1922.^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 7th century – Medieval Latin ''guardare'' is recorded.^(GRADIT 2003)^(DEI|1885)

+ * Before about 1257 – Bonagiunta Orbicciani uses ''guardare'' “to look”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1292 – Bono Giamboni uses it for “to examine” and “to face”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1297 – ''Guardare'' “to guard” in a Florentine text.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1314 – Barberino uses the intransitive verb, “to take care”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1703 – ''Guardacoste'' “coast-guard ship”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1964 – ''Guardone'' “voyeur”.^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|look]] at, turn one's eyes to: ''guardava le barche dal molo''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To [[m|en|watch]] a programme or show: ''guardare un film in streaming''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # To leaf through: ''guardare una rivista dal parrucchiere''.^(GRADIT 2003)

+ # To examine; to check: ''guarda bene il resto prima di andare''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To consider, see from a point of view: ''guarda la cosa con calma''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # To look after, mind: ''mi guardi la valigia un momento?''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To take care, try: ''guarda di non fare tardi''.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(DELI 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To face, look onto: ''la cucina guarda sul cortile''.^(DELI 1999)^(Gabrielli 2020)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''guardarsi'': to look at oneself; to beware of, keep away from: ''guardati dagli adulatori''.^(DELI 1999)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ===Interjection===

+ # ''guarda!'', ''ma guarda!'', ''guarda un po'''': expressing surprise or annoyance.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[sguardo]]

+ * [[guardata]]

+ * [[riguardare]]

+ * [[riguardo]]

+ * [[traguardo]]

+ * [[guardingo]]

+ * [[guardone]]

+ * [[guardaroba]]

+ * [[guardacoste]]

+ * [[guardalinee]]

+ * [[guardasigilli]]

+ * [[guardaparco]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[guardia]]

+ * [[guardiano]]

+ * [[fr|garder]]

+ * [[en|ward]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Common phrases include ''guardare di traverso'' or ''storto'' (to look askance), ''guardare in faccia'' (to face up to), ''guardare dall'alto in basso'' (to look down on), ''non guardare in faccia nessuno'' (to spare no one) and ''stare a guardare'' (to stand by and watch).^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011) Dictionaries contrast ''guardare'' with ''vedere'', which does not imply fixing one's gaze.^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}