fuori Italian · revision 37555

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1219, Breve di Montieri|origins=ine-pro *dʰwer-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈfwɔ.ri/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fuori''' (invariable; shortened ''fuor'')^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ Regional forms are ''fori'' and ''fora''; old forms are ''fuora'', ''fore'' and ''fuore''.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|forīs|t=outside]].^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Gabrielli 2020)^(Wiktionary) The variants ⟨fora⟩ and ⟨fuora⟩ continue [[m|la|forās|t=out, to the outside]], used for motion, while [[m|la|forīs]] expressed rest;^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Nocentini 2010) DEI notes that the two were used interchangeably from the 1st to the 4th century, also as prepositions.^(DEI|1736) The word is panromance: [[fro|fors]] (now [[fr|hors]]), [[oc|foras]], [[ca|fora]], [[es|fuera]], [[pt|fora]], [[sc|foras|t=without]] and [[ro|fără|t=without]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935) In Romance it almost entirely displaced [[m|la|extrā]].^(REW 1935)

+

+ The Latin adverbs are the ablative or locative plural and the accusative plural of a noun [[m|la|*fora]], a variant of [[la|forēs|t=doors]], so that they first meant “at the door” and “to the door”.^(Nocentini 2010)^(de Vaan 2008)^(GDLI|6, 476) They go back to [[ine-pro|*dʰwer-|t=door]], with cognates [[sa|द्वार्|tr=dvā́r]], [[grc|θύρα|tr=thúra]], [[lt|dùrys]], [[cu|двьрь|tr=dvĭrĭ]], [[goh|turi]] (German [[m|de|Tür]]) and English [[m|en|door]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's first record is the form ''fuor'' in the Breve di Montieri of 1219, in the sense “outside, in the outer part”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) ''Fore'' is in Guido Guinizelli, before 1276, and ''fuori'' in Brunetto Latini, before 1294.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Brunetto Latini already used the word for exclusion from a state or rule.^(DELI 1999) Later senses are “out of doors” (Dino Compagni, 1310–1312) and “away from home” (Lorenzo Lippi, before 1665); the command to leave (''fuori!'') is in a 14th-century translation of Livy, and the order to hand something over (''fuori i soldi!'') in Girolamo Baruffaldi, before 1755.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ According to Menarini, quoted by DELI, ''far fuori'' “to kill” spread after the Liberation in 1945, first for summary executions of Fascists; it grew out of an older ''far fuori'' “to make away with a share of a shady deal”, attested in Bolognese criminal slang.^(DELI 1999) The adjective ''fuori'' “out of one's mind, stoned” (''sei fuori?'') appears in recent fiction.^(GDLI|Suppl. 2009) Many compounds were formed in the 20th century: ''fuorigioco'' (1912), ''fuoriclasse'' (1921), ''fuorilegge'' (1948) and ''fuoristrada'' (1970).^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1219 – ''Fuor'' in the Breve di Montieri.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1294 – Brunetto Latini uses ''fuori''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1321 – ''Fuor che'' “except” in Dante.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1522–1525 – Machiavelli uses ''fuoruscito'', a political exile.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1912 – ''Fuori gioco'' “offside” in the ''Resto del Carlino''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1945 – ''Far fuori'' “to kill” spreads after the Liberation.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1948 – ''Fuorilegge'' “outlaw” in Camillo Sbarbaro.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|outside]], out, in or toward the outer part: ''ci vediamo fuori'', ''metti fuori il bucato''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # Away from home or one's usual place: ''stasera mangiamo fuori''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # Out of town; abroad: ''nel fine settimana andiamo fuori''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # In many phrases with verbs: ''tirare fuori'' (to take out), ''venire fuori'' (to come out), ''far fuori'' (to kill, to get rid of).^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ===Interjection===

+ # ''fuori!'': get out!; also hand over!, as in ''fuori i documenti!''; in the theatre, a call for the performers.^(GRADIT 2003)^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ===Preposition===

+ # Outside, out of, also with ''di'' or ''da'': ''fuori città'', ''fuori dal comune''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Beyond limits or a state: ''fuori pericolo'', ''fuori moda'', ''fuori orario''.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(literary)'' [[m|en|except]].^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Out of one's mind, from drink or drugs: ''ma sei fuori?''.^(GDLI|Suppl. 2009)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[fuorché]]

+ * [[infuori]]

+ * [[fuoribordo]]

+ * [[fuoriclasse]]

+ * [[fuorigioco]]

+ * [[fuorilegge]]

+ * [[fuoristrada]]

+ * [[fuoriuscire]]

+ * [[fuoruscito]]

+ * [[fuoruscita]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[foresta]]

+ * [[foraneo]]

+ * [[dentro]]

+ * [[la|forīs]]

+ * [[fr|hors]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Before a noun the preposition is used alone or with ''di'' or ''da'' (''fuori casa'', ''fuori di casa'', ''fuori dalla porta''), and with a stressed pronoun ''di'' is needed: ''fuori di me''.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020) Common phrases are ''fuori luogo'' (out of place), ''fuori di sé'' (beside oneself), ''essere tagliato fuori'' (to be left out) and ''al di fuori di'' (apart from).^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}