chiamare Italian · revision 37537

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1219, Breve di Montieri|origins=ine-pro *kelh₁-}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /kjaˈma.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''chiamare''' (first-person singular present chiàmo, first-person singular past historic chiamài, past participle chiamàto, auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|clāmō|t=to shout, proclaim; to call by name]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) Its learned doublet is [[clamare]].^(Wiktionary)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026) The word is panromance: [[ro|chema]], [[dlm|klamuar]], [[fur|clamâ]], [[fro|clamer]], [[oc|clamar]], [[ca|clamar]], [[es|llamar]], [[pt|chamar]] and Sardinian [[m|sc|giamare]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)^(LEI|14, 983) The DÉRom reconstructs a Proto-Romance verb with the senses “to shout”, “to call”, “to proclaim”, “to name” and “to be called”.^(DÉRom)

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+ The Latin verb is formed from an unattested noun [[m|la|*clāma]], from the root of [[m|la|calō|t=to call out, summon]], which is also in [[calende]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto 1968|91)^(DELI 1999) Devoto adds [[chiaro]] to the same family.^(Devoto 1968|91) It goes back to [[ine-pro|*kelh₁-|t=to shout, call]];^(Wiktionary) related are [[grc|καλέω|tr=kaléō|t=I call]] and [[hit|kales-|t=to call]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(DEI|891)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's first record, in the Breve di Montieri of 1219, has the sense “to address someone by voice or sign to get their attention or make them come”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) The statute says that the lord “si debia chiamare tre omini della compagnia sanza malizia” (shall call three men of the company without malice).^(GDLI)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Italian kept the Latin sense “to shout, cry out”, as in Dante's ''Convivio'' (“chiamare contra queste false meretrici”, to cry out against these false harlots).^(LEI|14, 983) The senses “to invoke” (Jacopone, before 1306), “to draw to oneself” (Guido Cavalcanti, before 1300) and “to give a name” (Dante, 1293–1294) followed, and the reflexive ''chiamarsi'' “to be called” is in Cecco Angiolieri before 1313.^(DELI 1999)

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+ Through Venetian ''ciamàr'' the word entered the language of sailors, and Piedmontese ''ciamada'' gave French ''chamade'', a drum signal for a parley.^(DEI|891) In modern Italian the verb also means to telephone, to wake someone, to summon a professional and, in the passive, to have a vocation.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1219 – ''Chiamare'' “to call” in the Breve di Montieri.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1293–1294 – Dante uses ''chiamare'' “to name”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1294 – ''Chiamata'' “a call” is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1306 – Jacopone da Todi uses ''chiamare'' “to invoke”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1313 – ''Chiamarsi'' “to be named” in Cecco Angiolieri.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1661 – ''Chiama'' “roll call” in a Pistoia ordinance.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|call]], to address someone by name or sign to get their attention: ''la chiamai dalla finestra''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To [[m|en|phone]]: ''ti chiamo quando arrivo''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # To wake: ''chiamami alle sei, per favore''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # To send for, to summon: ''chiamare l'idraulico'', ''è stato chiamato dal preside''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # To [[m|en|name]], to call by a name: ''lo chiamavano il Rosso''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # To describe as, to define: ''questo non si può chiamare un successo''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To appoint, to elect to an office; in the passive, to have a vocation: ''si sentiva chiamato all'insegnamento''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''chiamarsi'': to be called: ''come ti chiami?''.^(DELI 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[chiamata]]

+ * [[chiama]]

+ * [[richiamare]]

+ * [[richiamo]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[clamore]]

+ * [[esclamare]]

+ * [[proclamare]]

+ * [[acclamare]]

+ * [[calende]]

+ * [[la|clāmō]]

+ * [[es|llamar]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Set phrases include ''chiamare alle armi'' (to call up), ''chiamare in causa'' (to involve), ''chiamare a raccolta'' (to rally) and ''chiamare le cose col loro nome'' (to call a spade a spade).^(GRADIT 2003)^(Zingarelli 2010) ''Dio l'ha chiamato a sé'' is a euphemism for a death.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011) The learned ''clamare'' survives as a literary doublet.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}