tuo Italian · revision 37492

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=second half of the 13th century|origins=itc-pro *towos}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈtu.o/, /tu.o/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tuo''' (feminine tua, masculine plural tuoi, feminine plural tue)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old forms include ''teu'', ''tio'' and ''to'', and the old masculine plurals ''tói'', ''tua'' and ''tui''.^(GDLI|21, 446)

+ Popular Tuscan uses ''tu’'' before the noun for every gender and number (''il tu' babbo''), and central Italy has ''tua'' for both plurals.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ Old and dialect enclitic forms are ''-to'' and ''-ta'': ''pàtreto'' “your father”, ''mòglieta'' “your wife”.^(Zingarelli 2010)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|tuus|t=your]], from [[la|tū|t=you]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) DELI calls the line of descent unclear: a Latin ⟨tŭ-⟩ would give Italian ⟨tuo-⟩, as the plural ⟨tuoi⟩ shows, so a spoken variant ⟨tŏum⟩ has to be assumed.^(DELI 1999) Wiktionary sets out the steps: Latin ⟨tuum⟩ dissimilated to ⟨*tou⟩ and ⟨*tɔu⟩, as in [[sc|tou]], giving ⟨*twɔu⟩ and plural ⟨*twɔi⟩;^(Wiktionary) Italian then simplified /wɔ/ before a vowel to /u/, as in [[bue]], except before /i/, which kept ⟨tuoi⟩, as [[mio]] has the plural ⟨miei⟩.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The word is panromance: [[fr|ton]] and [[m|fr|tien]], [[oc|to]], [[ca|teu]], [[es|tu]] and [[m|es|tuyo]], [[pt|teu]] and [[ro|tău]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935) The Latin word continues [[itc-pro|*towos]], from [[ine-pro|*tewos]], which Nocentini and Devoto compare with [[grc|τεός|tr=teós]] (Aeolic, Doric) and [[lt|tãvas]]; the variant [[m|ine-pro|*twos]] is behind [[m|grc|σός|tr=sós]] and [[cu|твои|tr=tvoi]].^(Wiktionary)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto 1968|456)^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Nocentini and GRADIT date the word to the second half of the 13th century, DEI to the 13th century.^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(DEI|3929) DELI's first dated record is the pronoun used without a noun, “what is yours”, in the ''Novellino'' at the end of the 13th century; the adjective “belonging to you” is in Boccaccio's ''Decameron'', 1348–1353.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ GDLI's quotations include Dante's “Lasciane andar per li tuoi sette regni” (let us go through your seven realms, ''Purgatorio'' 1).^(GDLI|21, 446) The plural ''i tuoi'' “your family, your relatives” is recorded before 1602 in Francesco Serdonati,^(DELI 1999) and the pronoun with its own article, ''il tuo'' “what is yours”, before 1566 in Annibal Caro.^(DELI 1999) Feminine phrases with an understood noun are popular: ''ne hai fatte delle tue'' (you've been up to your usual tricks) is recorded in 1939–1940 and goes back to the 15th-century ''Novella del Grasso legnaiuolo''.^(DELI 1999)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ With singular nouns of kinship it takes no article (''tuo padre'') except when the noun is altered or affectionate (''la tua sorellina''), with regional variation for ''mamma''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026) Colloquial Italian forms a jocular superlative, ''tuissimo''.^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Second half of the 13th century – First records of ''tuo''.^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * End of the 13th century – The ''Novellino'' has the pronoun “what is yours”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1348–1353 – Boccaccio uses ''tuo'' “belonging to you”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1566 – Annibal Caro uses the pronoun ''il tuo''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1602 – ''I tuoi'' “your family” in Francesco Serdonati.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1939–1940 – ''ne hai fatte delle tue'' is recorded by Palazzi.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Determiner===

+ # [[m|en|your]] (informal, one person): belonging to you: ''la tua giacca è sulla sedia''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # Part of you, proper to you, physically or in mind: ''le tue mani'', ''i tuoi ricordi''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # Made, said, written or given by you: ''ho letto la tua lettera''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # Linked to you by family, friendship, work and the like: ''tuo cugino'', ''il tuo allenatore''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # After the noun, with emphasis: ''la scelta è tua''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # [[m|en|yours]]: ''la mia macchina è più vecchia della tua''.^(Treccani 2011)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''i tuoi'': your family, your parents.^(DELI 1999)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''il tuo'': what belongs to you, your own money or property.^(DELI 1999)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''la tua'': (with an understood noun) your opinion, your side, your letter: ''dì la tua''.^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[intuarsi]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[tu]]

+ * [[te]]

+ * [[ti]]

+ * [[la|tuus]]

+ * [[fr|ton]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}