quando Italian · revision 37482

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=early 13th century, Ritmo su Sant'Alessio|origins=la quandō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈkwan.do/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''quando'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Old and regional forms include ''cando'', ''canno'', ''quanda'', ''quandu'', ''quanno'' and ''quano''.^(GDLI) In Lucca, Pisa, Pistoia and Livorno the word is ''vando'' or ''guando''.^(DEI|3170)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|quandō|t=when]], the Latin interrogative adverb and temporal conjunction.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The DÉRom reconstructs a Proto-Romance adverb and conjunction ⟨*/ˈkuand-o/⟩, which every Romance variety except Romansh continues.^(DÉRom) The same word is [[fr|quand]], [[oc|can]], [[ca|quant]], [[es|cuando]], [[pt|quando]], [[sc|cando]], [[ro|când]] and [[dlm|kand]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935) The form ⟨quanda⟩ arose by analogy with adverbs that alternate between ⟨-a⟩ and ⟨-o⟩.^(GDLI|15, 55)

+

+ Latin “quandō” is formed from [[m|la|quam|t=how, as]], of the family of [[m|la|quis|t=who]], and a particle [[m|la|*dō|t=until]] that also appears in [[m|la|dōnec|t=until]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(DEI|3170)^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary takes that particle from [[ine-pro|*doh₁]], the instrumental of [[ine-pro|*de]],^(Wiktionary) and Nocentini and Devoto compare [[cu|до|tr=do|t=to, up to]], [[de|zu]] and [[en|to]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(Devoto 1968|356)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The conjunction “at the time when” is first recorded at the beginning of the 13th century, as ''quano'' in the Ritmo su Sant'Alessio and as ''quando'' in Uguccione da Lodi.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Other senses of the conjunction followed: “whereas” before 1250 in Giacomo da Lentini, “since, given that” in Giordano da Pisa's sermons of 1305–1306, and “if, in case” in Boccaccio in 1353.^(DELI 1999) The interrogative adverb is found in the 13th century in Chiaro Davanzati, and the noun ''il quando'' “the moment, the time” in an anonymous poem of the first half of that century.^(DELI 1999) Dante uses the noun in ''Paradiso'' 29.12, where every ''ubi'' and every ''quando'' meet in God: ''là 've s'appunta ogne ubi e ogne quando'' (“there where every where and every when is centred”).^(GDLI|15, 55)

+

+ The compound ''quandoché'' is of the 13th century, and in the 16th century ''quando'' could also mean “although”.^(DEI|3170) Old Roman ''quannanti'' “from now on” is recorded after 1040.^(DEI|3170) The word appears in proverbs such as ''battere il ferro quando è caldo'' “strike while the iron is hot”.^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Early 13th century – The Ritmo su Sant'Alessio has ''quano'', and Uguccione da Lodi uses ''quando''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * First half of the 13th century – The noun ''quando'' appears.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1250 – Giacomo da Lentini uses it for “whereas”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 13th century – Chiaro Davanzati uses the interrogative adverb, and ''quandoché'' appears.^(DELI 1999)^(DEI|3170)

+ * 1305–1306 – Giordano da Pisa uses it for “since”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1353 – Boccaccio uses it for “if”.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|when]], in direct and indirect questions: ''Quando parte il prossimo treno?'' ''Non mi ha detto quando torna.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # After a preposition: ''da quando'' “since when”, ''fino a quando'' “until when”, ''per quando'' “by when”.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # Repeated, now … now, at times … at times.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # When, at the time that: ''Quando ero piccolo, passavo l'estate dai nonni.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Gabrielli 2020)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Whenever, every time that: ''Quando nevica, la scuola chiude.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # If, in case, with the subjunctive.^(GRADIT 2003)^(DELI 1999)

+ # [[m|en|whereas]], while, with an adversative sense: ''Si lamenta, quando dovrebbe ringraziare.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # Since, given that: ''Quando lo dice lui, ci si può fidare.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' In which, when, after a word of time: ''il giorno quando ci siamo conosciuti''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # The when, the time or moment: ''il come e il quando''.^(DELI 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[quandoché]]

+ * [[allorquando]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[come]]

+ * [[chi]]

+ * [[quanto]]

+ * [[la|quando]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Before a vowel ''quando'' is elided in a few phrases, such as ''quand'anche'' “even if” and ''quand'ecco'' “when suddenly”.^(Treccani 2011)^(Gabrielli 2020) ''Di quando in quando'' means “from time to time”.^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}