tutto Italian · revision 37478

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1075–1080, Umbrian confession formula|origins=la tōtus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈtut.to/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tutto''' (feminine tutta, masculine plural tutti, feminine plural tutte)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old and dialect forms include ''titto'', ''tócto'', ''tucto'' and ''tuttu''.^(GDLI|21, 474) Old Italian also had a reduplicated ''tututto'' “all of it”, used by Dante.^(Prati 1951|1024)^(REW 1935)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-vul|*tōttus]], a variant of [[la|tōtus|t=whole, entire]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Wiktionary) A form “tottus” is already recorded in the 5th century, when the grammarian Consentius objected to it;^(DELI 1999)^(REW 1935) Meyer-Lübke saw the double ⟨t⟩ as a kind of reduplication, as in [[roa-oit|tututto]].^(DELI 1999)^(REW 1935)

+

+ The vowel /u/ of the Italian word is not what “tōttus” would give, and there is no agreed explanation.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Körting 1907) DELI holds that a [[la-vul|*tūctus]] must be reconstructed, as Nigra saw in 1902, and lists proposals: a plural [[m|la-vul|*tūcti]] shaped by [[la|cūnctus|t=all together]] (Alessio), or an urban [[m|la-vul|*tŭttus]] set against a rustic “tōtus” (Devoto).^(DELI 1999)^(Devoto 1968|457) DEI thinks the singular was remade on the plural “tutti”, from “*tūcti”, a form that the plural [[fro|tuit]] also requires.^(DEI|3937)^(Körting 1907) Nocentini points to Romanian, where full “tot” alternates with “tus-” in compounds such as [[ro|tustrei|t=all three]]: Italian may have generalised the unstressed form.^(Nocentini 2010)

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+ The doubled form is shared by [[fr|tout]], [[ca|tot]], [[sc|tottu]], [[fur|dut]] and [[ro|tot]], while [[es|todo]] and [[pt|todo]] continue the classical form.^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)

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+ The origin of Latin “tōtus” is unknown.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) It has been compared with [[osc|touto]] and [[xum|toto]], meaning “city, community”, as the whole body of citizens, from [[ine-pro|*tewtéh₂|t=people]], the source also of [[lt|tauta]], [[sga|túath]] and [[goh|diot]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan finds this and the other proposals unconvincing.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is the Umbrian confession formula of 1075–80, where the word refers to a plural or collective noun and means “all”.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003) The singular sense “whole, entire” is recorded in 1219 in the ''Breve di Montieri''.^(DELI 1999) The ''Ritmo laurenziano'' has ''de tutto regno cristiano'' (“of all the Christian kingdom”).^(GDLI|21, 474)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Dante first uses ''tutto'' as a noun, “the whole” (1300–13), and as a pronoun, “everyone”, and he puts it before a numeral with ''e'', as in ''tutti e tre'' “all three”; the type without ''e'' appears in Ser Giovanni before 1385.^(DELI 1999) Boccaccio has the adverb “completely” and the sense “included”.^(DELI 1999) Old Italian often left out the article, as in Dante's ''di tutta gioia'' “of full joy”, still a literary use.^(Treccani 2011)^(Zingarelli 2010)

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+ Many adverbs and conjunctions grew from the word: ''tuttavia'' “nevertheless” (13th century), ''tuttora'' “still” (13th–14th century), ''soprattutto'' (14th century) and ''dappertutto'' (17th century).^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) ''Tuttofare'', first a noun for a maid of all work, goes back to French ''bonne à tout faire'' (1942).^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) Recent coinages are ''tuttala'', a flying wing (1961), and ''tuttologo'', someone who claims to know everything (1976).^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1075–1080 – First record, in the Umbrian confession formula.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1219 – The sense “whole, entire” in the ''Breve di Montieri''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 13th century – ''Tuttavia'' in the ''Ballata di Saladino''.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1300–1313 – Dante uses ''tutto'' as a noun, “the whole”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1348–1353 – Boccaccio uses the adverb “completely”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1942 – ''Tuttofare'', a maid of all work.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1976 – ''Tuttologo'' is recorded.^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|whole]], entire: with a singular noun, the full amount or extent: ''ha piovuto tutta la notte''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # [[m|en|all]], every: with a plural or collective noun, the whole number: ''ho invitato tutti i miei cugini''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # Before a numeral with ''e'': ''tutti e due'' “both”, ''tutte e tre'' “all three”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ # After ''a'': up to and including: ''l'ufficio resta chiuso a tutto venerdì''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # After ''con'': in spite of: ''con tutto il suo impegno, non ha superato l'esame''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # [[m|en|everything]]: ''gli ho raccontato tutto''.^(Wiktionary)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(plural)'' Everyone, everybody: ''lo sapevano tutti''.^(DELI 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|completely]], entirely: ''era tutto bagnato''.^(DELI 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # The whole: ''ha venduto il tutto a un antiquario''.^(DELI 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[tuttavia]]

+ * [[tuttora]]

+ * [[soprattutto]]

+ * [[dappertutto]]

+ * [[tuttalpiù]]

+ * [[tuttofare]]

+ * [[tuttotondo]]

+ * [[tuttala]]

+ * [[tuttologo]]

+ * [[postutto]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[totale]]

+ * [[la|totus]]

+ * [[fr|tout]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ As an adjective ''tutto'' normally comes before the article: ''tutto il giorno'', ''tutte le sere''.^(Treccani 2011)^(GDLI|21, 474) Common phrases are ''del tutto'' “completely”, ''in tutto'' “altogether”, ''a tutti i costi'' “at all costs” and ''a tutta velocità'' “at full speed”.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}