dare Italian · revision 37470

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 12th century, Tuscan record of a land exchange|origins=ine-pro *deh₃-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈda.re/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dare''' (first-person singular present (with syntactic gemination after the verb) dò, first-person singular past historic dièdi or diédi or détti or (traditional) dètti, past participle dàto, first-person singular future darò, first-person singular subjunctive dìa, first-person singular imperfect subjunctive déssi, second-person singular imperative dài or dà', auxiliary avére)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old forms built on a longer infinitive ''daere'' include ''dae'' “gives” and ''daessi''.^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)^(Gabrielli 2020) The poetic past historic is ''diè'' beside ''diede'' and ''dette''.^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Treccani 2011) Old Genoese and Venetian have ''dar'', Old Sicilian ''dari''.^(LEI|19, 131)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la|dō|t=to give]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) The past historic ⟨diedi⟩ continues the Latin reduplicated perfect [[m|la|dedī]].^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ The verb survives in nearly every Romance language: [[oc|dar]], [[ca|dar]], [[es|dar]] and [[pt|dar]], [[sc|dare]], [[fur|da]], [[ro|da]] and [[dlm|duor]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)^(LEI|19, 131) French is the exception: [[m|fr|donner]] took its place, from [[la|dōnō|t=to give as a present]], and Old French kept only a few forms of the old verb.^(REW 1935)^(DEI|1212)^(LEI|19, 131) The LEI explains the replacement by the short, single-syllable stem ⟨dar-⟩, which gave way to verbs with a fuller stem.^(LEI|19, 131)

+

+ Latin ⟨dō⟩ goes back to [[ine-pro|*deh₃-|t=to give]], which formed a reduplicated present: [[itc-pro|*didō]] is continued in Oscan and Umbrian, while Latin built a new present on the root aorist.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) Cognates include [[grc|δίδωμι|tr=dídōmi|t=I give]], [[sa|ददाति|tr=dádāti|t=gives]], [[lt|duoti|alt=dúoti]] and [[cu|дати|tr=dati|t=to give]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(de Vaan 2008) [[dado]], [[data]] and [[dazio]] also come from the Latin verb.^(Nocentini 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is a Tuscan memorandum of a land exchange (''Memoria del cambio di terra'') from the abbey of Coltibuono, of the late 12th century, where the verb has its general sense of passing something from one person to another.^(DELI 1999)^(LEI|19, 131)^(GRADIT 2003) Old Genoese ''dar'' appears around 1180 in Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, and Florentine records follow from 1255.^(LEI|19, 131)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The LEI divides the verb's senses into “give”, “strike, hit”, “communicate”, “give” with a part of the body, professional activities and games.^(LEI|19, 131) The intransitive sense “hit, strike against” is in Dante, and the reflexive ''darsi'' “devote oneself, give oneself up to” in the 13th century.^(DELI 1999) In accounts, ''il dare'' “what one owes, debit” is set against ''l'avere'' “credit”, a pair found in the Datini archive in 1367 and in Luca Pacioli's treatise on double-entry bookkeeping.^(GDLI|4, 24)

+

+ Many set phrases are built on the verb: ''dare alla luce'' “give birth”, ''dare retta'' “listen to”, ''dare del tu'' “address as tu”, and the old pair ''darne una calda e una fredda'' “bring one good and one bad piece of news”.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861)^(Wiktionary) The imperative ''dalli'' gave Calabrian ''dállari'' “beat”, and in Sicilian it means “forward!”.^(REW 1935)^(LEI|19, 131)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 12th century – ''Dare'' in a Tuscan memorandum of a land exchange.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * Around 1180 – Old Genoese ''dar'' in Raimbaut de Vaqueiras.^(LEI|19, 131)

+ * 1255 – Florentine records use the verb.^(LEI|19, 131)

+ * 13th century – The reflexive ''darsi'' “devote oneself”.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Second half of the 13th century – ''Datore'' “giver”.^(Nocentini 2010)

+ * Before 1321 – The intransitive sense “strike against” in Dante.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 14th century – The noun ''il dare'' “debit”.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ * 1367 – ''Dare'' and ''avere'' in the Datini archive accounts.^(GDLI|4, 24)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|give]], hand over, pass: ''Dammi il sale, per favore.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To give as a present, offer, donate: ''Ha dato i suoi libri alla biblioteca.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)

+ # To [[m|en|pay]]: ''Quanto ti hanno dato per il lavoro?''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # To grant, allow: ''dare il permesso'', ''dare la precedenza''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To administer, apply: ''dare una medicina'', ''dare la cera al pavimento''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To deal a blow: ''dare un calcio'', ''dare uno schiaffo''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # To produce, [[m|en|yield]]: ''Quest'anno l'orto ha dato poco.''^(Wiktionary)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # To show a film or play: ''Che cosa danno stasera al cinema?''^(GRADIT 2003)

+ # (with ''su'') To look out onto, face: ''La camera dà sul cortile.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011)^(Zingarelli 2010)^(Gabrielli 2020)

+ # (reflexive, ''darsi'') To devote oneself to, (with ''a'') to take up: ''Si è dato alla pittura.''^(DELI 1999)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(accounting)'' [[m|en|debit|alt=Debit]], the side of an account opposite to ''avere''; also, what one owes.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dato]]

+ * [[data]]

+ * [[datore]]

+ * [[ridare]]

+ * [[sdarsi]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dono]]

+ * [[donare]]

+ * [[dazio]]

+ * [[dado]]

+ * [[la|dō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The third person singular ''dà'' always has an accent;^(Zingarelli 2010) ''do'', ''dai'' and ''danno'' need none, and the imperative is ''da’'', ''dai'' or ''dà''.^(Zingarelli 2010) ''Dare del tu'' and ''dare del lei'' mean to address someone informally or formally.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}