sinds Dutch · revision 37424

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=1151–1200, Old Dutch (Rhineland Rhyming Bible)|origins=gem-pro *sīþiz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /sɪn(t)s/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sinds'''^(Wiktionary)

+ The older form ''sint'' is still used in some dialects, especially in the southern Netherlands and Belgium.^(WNT) Middle Dutch also had ''sent'', ''zent'' and ''sunt''.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|sint]], [[inh|odt|sint|t=since then, afterwards]], with the adverbial [[-s]] that was added later.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Wiktionary) According to the EWN, Old Dutch ⟨sint⟩ is a nasal variant [[m|gem-pro|*sinþ-]], found only in Dutch, Low German and High German, of the root of [[gem-pro|*sīþiz|t=later]], which also gave [[sedert]] and [[de|seit]].^(EWN) The same form is [[gml|sint]] and [[goh|sint]], which survives in modern German only in [[m|de|sintemal|t=since, because]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Vercoullie 1925)

+

+ Franck and Van Wijk derived Middle Dutch ⟨sint⟩ from [[m|dum|siden]], [[m|dum|sident]], the forms that De Vries and De Tollenaere compare with [[gmh|sīdunt]], [[ang|siþþan]] and [[non|síðan]] and trace to the word preserved in [[got|𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃|tr=seiþus|t=late]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|339)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) The EWN rejects this, because ⟨sint⟩ is already Old Dutch, from before intervocalic /d/ was lost; it explains ⟨sident⟩ instead as a blend of [[m|dum|side|t=late]] with ⟨sint⟩, or as a continuation of ⟨*sīþiz⟩ with the North Sea Germanic adverbial ending ⟨-n⟩.^(EWN) The English word [[m|en|since]] is therefore only indirectly related.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The initial /s/ instead of the expected /z/ comes from forms with a prefixed ⟨t-⟩, as in [[samen]] from older ⟨tzamen⟩: the EWN explains it this way for ⟨sedert⟩, from ⟨tsedert⟩, which is common in writing in the 15th and 16th centuries.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''sint'' is first recorded in the Rhineland Rhyming Bible (1151–1200), as an adverb, “afterwards”, in ''Sint quamen se beithe zo Rome'' “afterwards they both came to Rome”, and as a conjunction, “after”.^(EWN)^(ONW) The Werden fragments of the same time also use it for “since then”.^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch ''sint dat'' meant “since, after”, and also “because, now that”, “whereas” and “in case, when”: a Ghent text of about 1240–1260 uses it for “if one has paid more for it than…”.^(VMNW)^(EWN) As a preposition, “since, after”, it is found in 1317, in ''zend Voorscoter mark'' “since the Voorschoten market”.^(EWN)^(MNW)

+

+ The form with ⟨-s⟩ appears in the 16th century: ''Tsynts desen tyt'' “since this time” is found around 1570, and ''sinds het overgaan'' “since the surrender” in 1608.^(EWN) Van der Sijs dates the preposition from 1570 and the subordinating conjunction from 1823.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(WikiWoordenboek) In the standard language ''sinds'' and ''sedert'' mean the same, but ''sinds'' is the everyday word and ''sedert'' belongs to a higher style; as an adverb, still common in Middle Dutch, both have been replaced by [[sindsdien]] and [[sedertdien]].^(EWN)

+

+ The preposition was borrowed into Negerhollands (''sens'', ''sins'') and into Sranan Tongo as [[m|srn|sensi]], which is also a conjunction there.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1151–1200 – Old Dutch ''sint'' “afterwards” and “after” appears in the Rhineland Rhyming Bible.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1240–1260 – Middle Dutch ''sint dat'' is used in the sense “in case”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1265–1270 – ''Sent dat'' “after” is recorded in Brabant.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1317 – The preposition appears, in ''zend Voorscoter mark''.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1570 – The form with ⟨-s⟩ appears, in ''Tsynts desen tyt'', and the word is first a preposition in this form.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1823 – ''Sinds'' is first a subordinating conjunction on its own.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|since]], from a point in time on: ''Sinds maandag regent het.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # For, during a period counted back from now: ''Ik woon hier sinds drie jaar.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # Since, from the time that: ''Sinds hij verhuisd is, zien we hem nooit meer.''^(ANW)^(WikiWoordenboek)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''(dated)'' Since then.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[sindsdien]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sedert]]

+ * [[en|since]]

+ * [[de|seit]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}