vriendin Dutch · revision 37423

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Egmond)}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /vrinˈdɪn/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vriendin''' ''f'' (plural vriendinnen, diminutive vriendinnetje n, masculine vriend)^(Wiktionary)

+ The ending ''-inne'' was the only one until 1600; after 1800 ''vriendinne'' is found only in Conscience and a few dictionaries.^(WNT) Middle Dutch also had ''vrindinne'', ''vrendinne'' and ''vrundinne''.^(MNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|vriendinne]], [[inh|odt|friundinna|t=female friend, beloved]], formed with the suffix [[m|odt|-inna]], which makes nouns for women, on [[m|odt|friunt|t=friend]].^(ONW)^(VMNW)^(Wiktionary) In modern terms it is [[vriend]] with [[-in]].^(Wiktionary)^(ANW)^(WikiWoordenboek) The same formation is [[gml|vrundinne]] and [[gmh|vriundinne]], modern [[de|Freundin]].^(MNW)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word first appears in the Old Dutch text from Egmond of about 1100, always with a possessive after it: ''friundinna min'' “my beloved”.^(ONW) In Middle Dutch it is first found in Brabant around 1265, where Lutgart is called ''die gods vrindinne'' “the friend of God”.^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''vriendinne'' meant a female friend, a beloved, and also a mistress or concubine.^(MNW) In charters it was a courteous word: a Bruges charter of 1291 calls a woman of the town ''onser lieuer vriendinnen'' “our dear friend”, and the beguinage of Mechelen spoke of a fellow beguine as ''onse liue vrintdinne in onsen here''.^(VMNW)

+

+ The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal records it at the head or end of letters, as in 1621, when Marie Reigersberch signed a letter from her prison cell as the addressee's ''vriendinne''.^(WNT) With ''van'' it named a woman fond of something, and figuratively the moon was called ''een vriendinne van rust en stilte'' (1634).^(WNT) Once, in 1664, it is used for a female relative.^(WNT) The diminutive [[vriendinnetje]] is a little girl's playmate (1867).^(WNT) Besides a female friend the word now also means a girlfriend, a woman in a love relationship.^(ANW)^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ Afrikaans has [[m|af|vriendin]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''friundinna min'' “my beloved” appears in the Egmond text.^(ONW)

+ * c. 1265 – Middle Dutch ''vrindinne'' is first recorded, in Brabant.^(VMNW)

+ * 1291 – Bruges charters use ''lieve vriendinne'' of a townswoman.^(VMNW)

+ * 1526 – A text has ''vriendinnen ende naburinnen'' “friends and neighbours”.^(WNT)

+ * 1621 – Marie Reigersberch signs a letter as ''vriendinne''.^(WNT)

+ * 1867 – The diminutive ''vriendinnetje'' is used of young playmates.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A female [[m|en|friend]]: ''Ze gaat met twee vriendinnen op vakantie.''^(ANW)^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|girlfriend]], a woman someone has a romantic relationship with: ''Hij stelde zijn nieuwe vriendin voor aan zijn ouders.''^(ANW)^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bedvriendin]]

+ * [[boezemvriendin]]

+ * [[hartsvriendin]]

+ * [[schoolvriendin]]

+ * [[vriendinnenkring]]

+ * [[vriendinnetje]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vriend]]

+ * [[vriendschap]]

+ * [[de|Freundin]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}