stuk Dutch · revision 37421

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1212–1223, Middle Dutch (Ghent)|origins=gem-pro *stukkiją}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /stʏk/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''stuk''' ''n'' (plural stukken, diminutive stukje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ Counted items take the plural ''stuks'': ''vijf stuks''.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT) The western dialects and Frisian have the unrounded ''stik'' and ''stek'', already found in Middle Dutch.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|stuc]], [[inh|odt|*stukki]], [[inh|gem-pro|*stukkiją|t=piece]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[osx|stukki]], [[goh|stucki]] (modern [[de|Stück]]), [[fy|stik]], [[ang|stycce]] and [[non|stykki]] (modern [[sv|stycke]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) The EWN derives it from the frequentative [[gem-pro|*stukkōn]], related to [[stuiken]] “to push, knock”;^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) Kroonen derives it from the strong verb [[gem-pro|*stekaną|alt=*stekan-]] (Dutch [[steken]]) or from its iterative.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) The original sense was the result of the knocking: a piece hewn or broken off, a stump, a log.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ Middle Dutch also had the unrounded ⟨stic⟩, with the North Sea Germanic change of /u/ to /i/.^(EWN) The adjective ⟨stuk⟩ “broken” is the same word: it arose by shortening of the phrase ⟨aen stucke⟩ “to pieces”, with the old plural, which lost its final ⟨e⟩ to ⟨aan stuk⟩ and in the 19th century dropped the preposition.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries 1971) The Germanic word was borrowed into Romance as [[it|stucco]].^(MNW)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The earliest record is in a Ghent text of 1212–1223, which counts ''.ii. stic terre'' “two pieces of land”.^(EWN)^(VMNW) The Bernardus glossary of about 1240 has ''stucke'' for Latin ''frustum'' “a piece, morsel”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|374)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 13th century the word already meant a loose piece or fragment (spears that broke into ''stucke'', 1220) and, in charters, a matter or legal case (1293) and a thing (1298); “a single specimen”, as in ''drie stucke'' “three pieces”, appears in 1399.^(EWN)^(VMNW) Phrases like ''te stucken springen'' “to burst to pieces” were common in Middle Dutch.^(VMNW) In early modern Dutch ''stuk'' also meant a cannon (1572), and in 1769 “stature”, ''kleener van stuk''.^(EWN)

+

+ From the 16th century the adverb ''aan stuk'' “to pieces” was used with verbs of breaking, ''aen stucke gestooten'' (1610); the bare ''stuk'' came up in the 19th century, ''de mijne is stuk'' “mine is broken” (1841), and is now an adjective, even before nouns in colloquial ''een stukke fiets''.^(EWN) By ellipsis ''een stuk'' also means a slice of bread in Frisian and the western dialects, and an attractive woman (1976), from ''een knap stuk van een meid'' (1950).^(EWN) The phrase ''voet bij stuk houden'' “to stand one's ground” is a folk-etymological change of ''voet bij stek'', with ''stek'' a boundary post.^(EWN) Dutch passed the word to Negerhollands and to Indonesian ''setik'' “piece”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1212–1223 – ''Stic'' is recorded in Ghent, of pieces of land.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * c. 1240 – The Bernardus glossary has ''stucke'' “piece, morsel”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1293 – ''Stuc'' is used for a matter or legal case.^(EWN)

+ * 1399 – ''Drie stucke'' “three items” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1572 – ''Stuk'' is used for a cannon.^(EWN)

+ * 1610 – ''Aen stucke gestooten'' “broken to pieces” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1819 – ''Stuk'' “broken” is first recorded.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ * 1841 – ''De mijne is stuk'' shows the adjective as a predicate.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|piece]], part or fragment of a whole: ''Wil je nog een stuk kaas?''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A fair amount, a stretch or distance: ''Hij liep een heel stuk mee.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(plural stuks)'' An item, one of a number of things counted: ''De eieren kosten twintig cent per stuk.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(informal)'' A physically attractive man or woman.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|document]], especially an official paper; an article in a paper.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A work of art or craft, especially a play or a musical piece.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(games)'' A playing piece, especially in [[m|en|chess]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(card games)'' The king and queen of trumps held in one hand.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A piece of artillery, a [[m|en|cannon]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(EWN)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|broken]], in pieces; out of order: ''De wasmachine is weer stuk.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(informal)'' Very moved or upset: ''ergens stuk van zijn''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[stuks]]

+ * [[stukje]]

+ * [[brokstuk]]

+ * [[hoofdstuk]]

+ * [[erfstuk]]

+ * [[kopstuk]]

+ * [[kunststuk]]

+ * [[leerstuk]]

+ * [[muntstuk]]

+ * [[huzarenstuk]]

+ * [[toneelstuk]]

+ * [[werkstuk]]

+ * [[stukgoed]]

+ * [[stukwerk]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stuiken]]

+ * [[stok]]

+ * [[stukadoor]]

+ * [[de|Stück]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Voet bij stuk houden'' “to stick to one's position” goes back to ''voet bij stek houden'' (about 1540).^(EWN) In Belgian Dutch ''stuk'' is also used of other persons, as in ''een vies stuk (van een vent)'' “a nasty piece of work” (1961).^(EWN)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}