stel Dutch · revision 37415

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=1343, Middle Dutch (Holland)}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /stɛl/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''stel''' ''n'' (plural stellen, diminutive stelletje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle Dutch has ''stel'' and ''stelle''.^(MNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|stel]], a northern Middle Dutch noun derived from the verb [[stellen]] “to place, set up”.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|366)^(WNT)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[gml|stel]], and [[de|Stelle|t=place]] is a parallel formation.^(MNW)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) De Vries and Franck–Van Wijk think the modern noun may also be a Holland form of Middle Dutch [[m|dum|ghestelle]], which lives on in [[gestel]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word is first recorded in Holland in 1343, for a load that could be carried at one time, ''een stelle houts'' “a load of wood”, and for part of the works of a mill at Oudewater.^(MNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In 1428 it is a low wheeled cart for goods.^(MNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch the word named a cart, part of a mill and a weaving loom, the last from 1491.^(MNW) Later Dutch used it for the undercarriage of a wagon, a beer cart (Utrecht, 1729), a rack for beer casks, and a cooking stove burning oil, spirit or gas, the modern [[gasstel]].^(WNT)

+

+ From the 17th century ''stel'' is a set of things that belong together: ''een stel seijlen'' “a set of sails” (1657), complete sets of account books (1665), and later sets of silver spoons or porcelain.^(WNT) Van der Sijs dates the sense “pair” from 1656–1657.^(Van der Sijs 2001) Of people it means a group or a couple, often with a disparaging or ironic tone, especially in the diminutive [[stelletje]].^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014)

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+ A masculine noun of the same origin is found in the phrases ''op stel'' “in order” and ''van zijn stel'' “out of order” from 1617.^(WNT)^(Stoett 1923)

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+ Dutch ''stel'' was borrowed into Danish and Norwegian for a frame or a set, into South African English through Afrikaans for a trap, into Indonesian as ''setél'' “set”, and as “pair” into several Malay varieties, Papiamentu (''stèl'') and Sranan Tongo (''steri'').^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1343 – Middle Dutch ''stelle'' is first recorded, in Holland, for a load and for part of a mill.^(MNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1428 – ''Stel'' is used of a cart.^(MNW)

+ * 1491 – The word means a weaving loom.^(MNW)

+ * 1617 – ''Op zijn stel'' “in order” is recorded.^(WNT)

+ * 1656–1657 – The sense “pair” appears.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1657 – ''Een stel seijlen'' “a set of sails” is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|set]] of things that belong together: ''een stel nieuwe pannen''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|couple]], two people who belong together: ''Ze zijn al tien jaar een stel.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(informal)'' A number, a few: ''Er stond een stel jongens bij de ingang.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A frame or base, such as the undercarriage of a wagon; also a small cooking stove.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bankstel]]

+ * [[drumstel]]

+ * [[gasstel]]

+ * [[onderstel]]

+ * [[peper-en-zoutstel]]

+ * [[treinstel]]

+ * [[stelletje]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[toestel]]

+ * [[uitstel]]

+ * [[stellen]]

+ * [[gestel]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Op stel en sprong'' “at once, suddenly” goes back to the 17th century, when Hooft and Bredero used it.^(Stoett 1923)^(WNT) In Flemish and Brabant dialects ''stel'' is also an adjective meaning “stale, flat, no longer fresh”, already in Middle Dutch of drinks; it is compared with English ''stale'' and probably derived from [[staan]].^(Debrabandere 2002)^(Debrabandere 2010)^(MNW) In Suriname a ''stel'' is a filled roll.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}