waarheid Dutch · revision 37414

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *weh₁-ro-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʋaːr.ɦɛi̯t/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''waarheid''' ''f'' (plural waarheden, diminutive waarheidje n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|waerhede]], [[inh|odt|wārheit]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*wārahaidu|t=truth]].^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) It is formed from the adjective [[waar]] “true” with the suffix [[-heid]], which makes abstract nouns.^(ONW)^(VMNW)^(WNT) The same formation is [[osx|wārhēd]] and [[goh|wārheit]], modern [[de|Wahrheit]], and Middle Low German has [[m|gml|wârheit]].^(Köbler ANFRK)^(MNW)

+

+ The adjective goes back to [[gem-pro|*wēraz]], which the EWN connects with [[la|vērus|t=true]] and derives from [[ine-pro|*weh₁-ro-]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) Its further origin is uncertain; the EWN suggests a possible link with the Germanic stem of [[waarnemen]].^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The noun is the first form of the word family to be recorded: the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century have ''Santa got ginatha sina in uuarheit sina'', “God sent his grace and his truth”.^(EWN)^(ONW) There it means “truth” and also “truthfulness, faithfulness”.^(ONW) The Old Dutch fragments from Werden of about 1151 use ''bī ther wārhēt'' for “truly, in truth”.^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch the word is first found around 1200 in the Lower Rhine area, in the phrase ''die rehte warheit'' “the plain truth”.^(VMNW) In 13th-century charters it served in fixed formulas: aldermen of Bruges sealed a deed in 1279 “in knowledge of the truth”, to give the document legal force.^(VMNW) The Middle Dutch dictionaries also record the senses “judicial inquiry”, “sworn statement” and “word of honour”, and later “sincerity” (1470), “reality” (1320) and “certainty” (1390).^(VMNW)^(MNW) People swore ''bi waerhede'', an oath that turned into a self-curse if it was broken.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001)

+

+ In religious use truth is a quality of God and a name for God himself, as in the Bible verse ''ik ben de weg en de waarheid en het leven'', quoted in a translation of 1526.^(WNT) From this came the sense “the true faith”, found in the phrase ''in de waarheid wandelen'', after 2 John 1:4.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT) A dictionary of 1778 describes Truth as an allegorical goddess, daughter of Saturn and mother of Virtue.^(WNT) ''De naakte waarheid'' “the naked truth” is a translation of Latin ''nuda veritas''.^(Van der Sijs 2005)

+

+ The proverb ''kinderen en dronken mensen zeggen de waarheid'' already has medieval forerunners.^(Stoett 1923) The word was borrowed into Negerhollands as ''waarheit'', ''waerheit'' and several other forms, and Afrikaans has [[m|af|waarheid]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – The Wachtendonck Psalms speak of God's ''uuarheit''.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+ * 1151 – The Werden fragments use ''bī ther wārhēt'' “in truth”.^(ONW)

+ * c. 1200 – Middle Dutch ''warheit'' is first recorded, in the Lower Rhine area.^(VMNW)

+ * 1279 – A Bruges charter is sealed “in knowledge of the truth”.^(VMNW)

+ * 1526 – A Bible translation has Jesus call himself the way, the truth and the life.^(WNT)

+ * 1778 – Truth is described as an allegorical goddess.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|truth]], the agreement between a statement or belief and the facts as they are: ''Ze heeft ons nooit de waarheid verteld.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A truth, something that is true: ''een waarheid als een koe'', a truth too obvious to need saying.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(religion)'' The true faith.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[waarheidsgehalte]]

+ * [[waarheidsliefde]]

+ * [[waarheidszin]]

+ * [[waarheidlievend]]

+ * [[waarheidsgetrouw]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[waar]]

+ * [[de|Wahrheit]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Iemand de waarheid zeggen'' means to tell someone frankly what they did wrong, and ''bezijden de waarheid'' “beside the truth” is a euphemism for “untrue”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}