verkeerd Dutch · revision 37413

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1265–1270, Middle Dutch (Brabant)|origins=nl keren}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /vər.ˈkeːrt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''verkeerd''' (comparative verkeerder, superlative verkeerdst)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|verkeert|t=twisted; perverse]], the past participle of [[verkeren]] in its sense “to turn round, change for the worse”, so literally “changed for the worse, gone wrong”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) That verb is formed with [[ver-]] from [[keren|t=to turn]].^(EWN)

+

+ The same participle is [[gml|vorkêrt]] and [[gmh|verkêrt]], modern [[de|verkehrt]], and Frisian has [[fy|forkeard]].^(MNW)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|404) The sense “incorrect, not good” is already found in Middle Dutch, Middle Low German and Middle High German.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The adjective is first recorded in Brabant around 1265–1270, of a woman whose mouth stood ''al verkirt'', “all awry”, as she gnashed her teeth.^(VMNW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) Its first sense was thus “twisted, distorted”; a Brabant Gospel text of about 1291 already has ''verkirde generacie'' “perverse generation”, of people gone astray.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 14th century ''verkeert'' also meant “reversed, upside down”: a text of 1340–1360 says that Peter was crucified upside down.^(EWN) The Teuthonista of 1477 has the sense “incorrect”, and a dictionary of 1573 the sense “bad”, in ''een verkeert mensch'' “a wicked person”.^(EWN) Middle Dutch also used it of people for “contrary, sour” and of the body for “unwell”.^(MNW) A rare sense “versed, skilled in”, from ''verkeren'' “to associate with”, has long been obsolete.^(WNT) In several dialects ''hij is geen verkeerde'' is a litotes for “he is a decent sort”.^(WNT)

+

+ The phrase ''met het verkeerde been uit bed gestapt'' “got out of bed on the wrong leg”, for being in a bad mood, is dated 1858, and ''verkeerde koffie'' (now ''koffie verkeerd'') “coffee with much milk and little coffee” 1862.^(EWN) Older variants of the phrase speak of the left leg;^(Stoett 1923) Stoett compares the Latin idea that setting out with the left foot was a bad omen.^(Stoett 1923)

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+ Dutch passed the word on: Norwegian has ''forkjært'' “incorrect” (from Dutch or Low German), Papiamentu ''furké'' “contrary, against the grain”, and Ambonese Malay and Negerhollands have forms meaning “not good”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1265–1270 – Middle Dutch ''verkirt'' “twisted” is first recorded, in Brabant.^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1291 – A Gospel text speaks of a ''verkirde generacie'' “perverse generation”.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1340–1360 – ''Verkeert'' “upside down” is used of Peter's crucifixion.^(EWN)

+ * 1477 – The Teuthonista has the sense “incorrect”.^(EWN)

+ * 1573 – ''Een verkeert mensch'' “a wicked person” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1858 – ''Met het verkeerde been uit bed gestapt'' is first recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1862 – ''Verkeerde koffij'', coffee with much milk, is first recorded.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|wrong]], not as it should be; incorrect: ''Ze stapte in de verkeerde trein.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # The wrong way round, showing the wrong side: ''Zijn trui zat verkeerd om.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Morally wrong, [[m|en|bad]].^(WikiWoordenboek)^(WNT)

+ # [[m|en|distorted]], twisted.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Wrongly, in the wrong way: ''Hij had het adres verkeerd opgeschreven.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[verkeerdelijk]]

+ * [[verkeerdheid]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[verkeren]]

+ * [[keren]]

+ * [[verkeer]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Iemand op het verkeerde been zetten'' is to mislead someone with a feint, and ''aan het verkeerde adres zijn'' to be mistaken about whom one is dealing with.^(Van Dale 2014) ''Van de verkeerde kant zijn'' “to be of the wrong side” is an offensive way of saying that someone is gay.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}