lichaam Dutch · revision 37412

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Leiden Willeram)|origins=gem-pro *līkahamô}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈlɪxaːm/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''lichaam''' ''n'' (plural lichamen, diminutive lichaampje n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|lichame]], [[inh|odt|lichamo]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*līkahamō]], [[inh|gem-pro|*līkahamô|t=body, bodily frame]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) It is a compound of [[lijk]] “(dead) body” and [[haam]] “covering”, so originally “flesh-covering”.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries 1971) The same compound is [[osx|līkhamo]], [[goh|līhhamo]], [[ofs|līkhama]], [[ang|līchoma]] and [[non|líkami]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ In the same sense the Reimbibel has [[m|odt|līknamo]], like [[goh|līhhinamo]] (modern [[de|Leichnam]] “corpse”), in which the first part is a weak by-form of the word for body.^(EWN)^(ONW) The word soon ceased to be felt as a compound, and it was simplified twice: ⟨k⟩ and ⟨h⟩ merged into ⟨ch⟩, as in the place name [[Walcheren]], and the long vowel of the first syllable was shortened, as in [[Lochem]].^(EWN) Franck and Van Wijk think it was first a poetic, epic word, and De Vries compares the Old English poetic [[m|ang|flǣschoma|alt=flæsc-homa]] “flesh-covering” and [[m|ang|bānhūs|t=bone-house]].^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Leiden Willeram, written in Egmond around 1100, has ''lichamo'' for the body, and once for the trunk as opposed to the head: ''thaz hoiuet ande then lichamo'' “the head and the body”.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In Middle Dutch it first appears in Ghent in 1236, in ''suuerhede uan lechamen'' “purity of body”, and the Bernardus glossary of 1240 has ''ligame''.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch the word meant the body, a dead body and a person.^(VMNW) People swore by the body of the Lord, as in a Bruges text of 1292, and ''lichame'' was also the host, the body of Christ in the Eucharist.^(VMNW)^(MNW) It could also mean the trunk or the belly.^(MNW) The Middle Dutch dictionary finds the line between ''lichame'' and [[lijf]] hard to draw: ''lijf'' was probably the ordinary word.^(MNW)

+

+ In legal phrases of the 16th century punishment was laid ''aen sijnen lichame'' “on his body”, where only ''lijf'' is used today.^(WNT) ''Die zijn lichaam bewaart, bewaart geen rotte appelen'', “whoever looks after his body is not keeping rotten apples”, is recorded in the 18th century.^(Stoett 1923)^(WNT) Modern senses include a public or legal body, such as ''een wetgevend lichaam'' “a legislative body”, and a body of matter in physics.^(Van Dale 2014) In Dutch algebra ''lichaam'' is a field, in Belgium a division ring.^(Wiktionary) Van der Sijs counts the sense “corpse” as a loan of meaning from English.^(Van der Sijs 2005)

+

+ The word lives on in Afrikaans [[m|af|liggaam]] and was borrowed into Negerhollands as ''lichaam'' and ''likam'';^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010) Indonesian [[m|id|badan]] took over its sense “organisation”.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''lichamo'' appears in the Leiden Willeram.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1151–1200 – The Reimbibel has the variant ''līknamo''.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''lechamen'' is recorded in Ghent.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – The Bernardus glossary has ''ligame''.^(EWN)

+ * 1292 – A Bruges text forbids swearing by the Lord's body.^(VMNW)

+ * 1517 – A punishment is to be carried out on the offender's body.^(WNT)

+ * 1570 – The bodies of the executed are to stay at the place of execution.^(WNT)

+ * 1727 – The saying about looking after one's body and rotten apples is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|body]], the bones, flesh and organs of a human or animal: ''Na de lange wandeling deed zijn hele lichaam pijn.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A dead body, [[m|en|corpse]].^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A public or legal body, an [[m|en|institution]] or organisation: ''een openbaar lichaam''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(physics)'' A body, a mass of matter with a definite shape.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(algebra)'' In the Netherlands a [[m|en|field]], in Belgium a division ring.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[antilichaam]]

+ * [[bovenlichaam]]

+ * [[hemellichaam]]

+ * [[lichaamsbeweging]]

+ * [[lichaamsbouw]]

+ * [[lichaamsdeel]]

+ * [[lichaamseigen]]

+ * [[lichaamsfunctie]]

+ * [[lichaamsgebrek]]

+ * [[lichaamsholte]]

+ * [[lichaamskracht]]

+ * [[lichaamsoefening]]

+ * [[lichaamstaal]]

+ * [[lichaamstemperatuur]]

+ * [[lichaamsvocht]]

+ * [[lichamelijk]]

+ * [[belichamen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[lijk]]

+ * [[haam]]

+ * [[lijf]]

+ * [[de|Leichnam]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}