bed Dutch · revision 37410

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Leiden Willeram)|origins=gem-pro *badją}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /bɛt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''bed''' ''n'' (plural bedden, diminutive bedje n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|bedde]], [[inh|odt|beddi]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*badi]], [[inh|gem-pro|*badją|t=bed, bedding]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[got|𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌹|tr=badi]], [[non|beðr]] “bolster, bedding”, [[ang|bedd]] (modern [[en|bed]]), [[ofs|bed]], [[osx|beddi]] and [[goh|betti]], whose modern descendants are [[de|Bett]] “bed” and, for a garden bed, [[m|de|Beet]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) It was borrowed very early into Finnish as [[m|fi|patja|t=feather bed, cushion]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ Outside Germanic no certain cognates are known.^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) The usual view links it with [[la|fodiō|t=to dig]], [[lt|bedù|t=I dig]] and a Welsh word for “grave”, from [[ine-pro|*bʰodʰ-]], which would make the bed a dug-out sleeping place, the same as an animal's lair.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) De Vries rejected this, since the Germanic peoples did not sleep in pits, and preferred a link with [[bad]], so that the bed was “the warm place”;^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|62) De Vries and De Tollenaere follow him.^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|62) The EWN finds the digging etymology quite possible for the garden bed, though that sense may itself be a transferred one.^(EWN) Kroonen reconstructs [[m|ine-pro|*bʰodʰ-io-]].^(Kroonen 2013) Grimm and Kern had connected bed with [[bidden]], from a root meaning “to press”.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word first appears in the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms, in the compound ''betekamere'' “bedchamber”.^(EWN) The Leiden Willeram of about 1100 has it alone, in the Song of Songs: ''Vnse bedde is wole gebloomed'', “our bed is well flowered”.^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In Middle Dutch it is first found in a Ghent rule of 1236 forbidding the brothers to sleep on feather beds, and in the Bernardus glossary of 1240.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch ''bedde'' was also the mattress or cushion, and the marriage bed and marriage itself: children ''van witteghen bedde'' were born in wedlock (1276).^(VMNW)^(MNW) ''Een bedde maken'' was in the Middle Ages the work of male, not female, servants, and ''te bedde vallen'' meant to fall ill.^(MNW) In early modern Dutch ''bed'' was the stuffed sack laid on the bedstead, and ''bed en bulster'' stood for all of one's bedding.^(WNT)

+

+ The garden bed is recorded from the middle of the 16th century, in ''een beddeken bezaeyt met violieren'' “a little bed sown with stocks”.^(EWN) Van Dale also gives the bed in a care home or hospital, the lair of game, the foundation layer of a road and the bed of a river.^(Van Dale 2014) In Suriname a ''bed'' was the smallest unit of a plantation field, from 1786.^(Van Donselaar 1989) ''Met het verkeerde been uit bed stappen'', to be in a bad mood, goes back to the 17th century.^(Stoett 1923) The old phrase ''bed, bad en brood'' became a political catchword in 2015, for basic shelter for rejected asylum seekers.^(ANW)

+

+ Dutch passed the word to Frisian, to dialects of French (“mattress”), to Indonesian, to Negerhollands, Berbice Dutch, Sranan Tongo ([[srn|bedi]]) and Papiamentu, and through Afrikaans or English to Xhosa and Zulu.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – The Wachtendonck Psalms have the compound ''betekamere'' “bedchamber”.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Bedde'' appears alone in the Leiden Willeram.^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1236 – A Ghent rule forbids the brothers feather beds.^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – The Bernardus glossary has ''bedde''.^(EWN)

+ * 1276 – Children ''van witteghen bedde'' “of a lawful bed” are mentioned.^(VMNW)

+ * mid-16th century – The garden bed is first recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1786 – ''Bed'' is recorded as a unit of plantation land in Suriname.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+ * 2015 – ''Bed, bad en brood'' becomes a political catchword.^(ANW)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|bed]], a piece of furniture for sleeping on, with its mattress and bedding: ''De kinderen moeten om acht uur in bed liggen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A bed in a hospital or care home, as a place for a patient.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # The [[m|en|lair]] of game.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # The foundation layer of a road; a [[m|en|layer]] or substratum.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A garden bed, a marked-off or raised patch where flowers or crops are grown.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The bed of a river.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bedstee]]

+ * [[kraambed]]

+ * [[beddengoed]]

+ * [[bedgebonden]]

+ * [[bedgenoot]]

+ * [[bedkamer]]

+ * [[bedlamp]]

+ * [[bedleger]]

+ * [[bedplassen]]

+ * [[bedtijd]]

+ * [[bedvriend]]

+ * [[bedvriendin]]

+ * [[bedwants]]

+ * [[bloembed]]

+ * [[dekbed]]

+ * [[bedding]]

+ * [[hunebed]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|bed]]

+ * [[de|Bett]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}