heet Dutch · revision 37408

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *haitaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɦeːt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''heet''' (comparative heter, superlative heetst)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|hêet]], [[inh|odt|heit]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hait]], [[inh|gem-pro|*haitaz|alt=*haita-|t=hot]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same adjective is [[osx|hēt]], [[goh|heiz]] (modern [[de|heiß]]), [[ofs|hēt]], [[ang|hāt]] (modern [[en|hot]]) and [[non|heitr]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) Beside it stood an ablauting [[gem-pro|*hit-]], the source of [[hitte]], and the noun [[got|𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍉|tr=heitō|t=fever]] shows a third grade of the same root; the EWN also connects [[non|heiðr|t=bright, cloudless]] and the family of [[heiig]], and perhaps [[hees]] through the idea “dry”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ Further back the origin is unclear.^(EWN) The only possible relatives outside Germanic are Baltic and have a different dental suffix: [[lt|kaisti|t=to become hot]] and [[m|lt|kaitra|t=heat]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) De Vries takes the word as a dental derivative of a root [[ine-pro|*kai-|t=hot, heat]], but both he and the EWN point out that so narrow a spread, together with Germanic forms that are hard to reconcile, may point to a borrowing from a pre-Indo-European substrate.^(De Vries 1971)^(EWN) Kroonen sees an o-grade adjective of a root *keid-, perhaps [[ine-pro|*kei-|t=to burn]] with a dental suffix, and notes that the verb it implies is not attested.^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''heit'' appears only as the first part of the compound ''heitmuodi'' “anger”, literally “hot mind”, in the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) Middle Dutch ''heet'' “very hot” is found in Flemish texts of 1260–1280, among them a passage about a bath so hot that a man forgot himself, and in a Brabant text of about 1265 that speaks of the hot fire of purgatory.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the start the adjective was also used of feelings: a text of 1260–1280 asks whether a fight is too fierce, literally “too hot”, for the listener.^(EWN) The early Middle Dutch dictionary records hot tears, hot countries such as Ethiopia (1287), and fevers called ''hete sucht'', in which the body's temperature rises.^(VMNW) Kiliaan glossed it with Latin ''fervidus'', and by the 16th century it was used of the weather and of a burning sun, as in a hot day of 1573.^(WNT)

+

+ Figurative uses grew from the image of fire: ''voor heter vuur gestaan hebben'' “to have stood before hotter fire” is to have known worse dangers (1857), and ''heet gebakerd'' “quick-tempered” dates from the 17th century.^(WNT)^(Stoett 1923) Modern Dutch also uses ''heet'' of spicy food, of a person who is sexually aroused, and informally in physics for “radioactive”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek) After the American phrase ''long hot summer'' it came to describe a period full of social unrest, as in ''een heet najaar'' in a newspaper of 1975.^(Reinsma 1984) Its use for “recent, in the news” follows English ''hot''.^(Van der Sijs 2005) In West Flemish ''heet'' can mean “early ripe”.^(Debrabandere 2002)

+

+ The adjective passed into Negerhollands (''heet'') and Berbice Dutch (''hete'').^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''heit'' is recorded in the compound ''heitmuodi'' “anger” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1260–1280 – Middle Dutch ''heet'' describes a very hot bath and a fierce fight.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1265 – A Brabant text speaks of the hot fire of purgatory.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1287 – A West Flemish text names Ethiopia ''een heet lant'', a hot country.^(VMNW)

+ * 1573 – A hot day is ''eenen heeten dach'' in a dictionary with Latin glosses.^(WNT)

+ * 17th century – ''Heet gebakerd'' “quick-tempered” comes into use.^(Stoett 1923)

+ * 1975 – A newspaper predicts ''een heet najaar'', an autumn of social conflict.^(Reinsma 1984)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Very warm, [[m|en|hot]]: ''Raak de kachel niet aan, die is nog heet.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(ANW)

+ # Of food: sharp, [[m|en|spicy]], burning in the mouth.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Of people: sexually aroused; also sexually attractive.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(informal, physics)'' Strongly [[m|en|radioactive]].^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Of a period: full of social or political conflict.^(Reinsma 1984)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[heterdaad]]

+ * [[heethoofd]]

+ * [[heethoofdig]]

+ * [[heetgebakerd]]

+ * [[heteluchtoven]]

+ * [[gloeiheet]]

+ * [[loeiheet]]

+ * [[snikheet]]

+ * [[stikheet]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hitte]]

+ * [[heiig]]

+ * [[en|hot]]

+ * [[de|heiß]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A ''heet hangijzer'' “hot pot-hanger” is a delicate issue that is dangerous to take up;^(Winschoten 1681)^(Wiktionary) Winschoten explained it in 1681 as something hot and risky to grasp.^(Winschoten 1681)^(Wiktionary) The proverb ''de soep wordt nooit zo heet gegeten als ze wordt opgediend'' says that things are seldom as bad as they first look.^(Wiktionary) Stoett links ''heet gebakerd'' with the belief that the way a baby was swaddled shaped its temper, though he found no evidence of that belief.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}