sturen Dutch · revision 37406

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Egmond Willeram)|origins=gem-pro *stiurijaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈstyrə(n)/, [ˈstyːrə(n)]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sturen'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|sturen]], [[inh|odt|stiuren|t=to lead, guide]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*stiurijan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*stiurijaną|t=to direct, steer]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) The verb is formed on the root of the noun [[stuur]] “rudder, helm”: the Oudnederlands Woordenboek calls it a denominative of [[m|odt|stiura|t=rudder]], and Kroonen a factitive of a noun such as [[ang|stēor|t=direction, guidance]].^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Kroonen 2013) The same verb is [[gml|stūren]], [[goh|stiuren]] (modern [[de|steuern]]), [[ofs|stiūra]], [[m|ang|stīeran|t=to steer; to rebuke]] (modern [[en|steer]]), [[non|stýra]] and [[got|𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=stiurjan|t=to establish, assert]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The further origin is unclear.^(Kroonen 2013) Franck and Van Wijk, and De Vries and De Tollenaere, start from a sense “to be firm, support”, which led to “fix, regulate” and then “steer”, and compare [[goh|stiuri|t=great, mighty]].^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|374) Kroonen rejects the old comparison with [[sa|स्थावर|tr=sthāvará|t=firm, thick]], which belongs to a different root, and Wiktionary mentions a possible source in [[ine-pro|*(s)twerH-|t=to turn, twist]].^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The western variant [[stieren]], originally Flemish and Zealandic, is now obsolete in the standard language except in the derivative [[bestieren]] “to manage”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Old Dutch verb is first recorded around 1100 in the Egmond Willeram, in a prayer to the saints: ''stiured mih mid iuwan goodan bilethen'' “guide me with your good examples”.^(ONW)^(EWN) In Middle Dutch a document of 1252 mentions a ship with a ''stierroeder'' “steering oar” at the stern, and a Brabant text of 1265–1270 uses ''stiren'' for sending someone back to her duties.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Steering usually puts the direction first and leaves the goal in the background; where only the goal mattered, Dutch shifted the meaning to “send”.^(EWN) Both uses are early: a Bruges ordinance of 1282 fines a master who sends a journeyman to work, and a Brabant gospel text of 1291 has Jesus tell Peter to steer his boat into deep water.^(VMNW) The verb was also used of driving animals (1287) and, reflexively, of fish that steer themselves with their tails (1276).^(VMNW)

+

+ In the 16th century ''de beesten stueren'' meant to drive cattle along, and the nautical uses multiplied: ''koers sturen'' “to steer a course”, ''bij de wind sturen'' “to sail close to the wind”.^(WNT) The form ''stieren'' became formal or poetic.^(WNT) Modern Dutch also uses ''sturen'' for controlling a machine or a process.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek) Fixed expressions include ''iemand met een kluitje in het riet sturen'' “to fob someone off” and ''iemand de laan uitsturen'' “to sack someone”, which Stoett found only in recent texts.^(WNT)^(Stoett 1923) In Brabant and Limburg dialects the verb also means “to swing on a swing”.^(Debrabandere 2010)^(Debrabandere 2011)

+

+ Dutch ''sturen'' was borrowed into Papiamentu (''stir'', ''stür''), Negerhollands (''stuur'', ''stier''), Berbice Dutch (''tiri''), Kupang Malay (''satir'') and Surinamese Javanese (''setir''); Sranan ''tiri'' may come from Dutch or English.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Afrikaans has [[m|af|stuur]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''stiuren'' “to guide” appears in the Egmond Willeram.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+ * 1252 – A ship with a ''stierroeder'' “steering oar” is mentioned.^(EWN)

+ * 1265–1270 – Middle Dutch ''stiren'' means “to send back”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1282 – A Bruges ordinance uses ''stieren'' for sending a journeyman to work.^(VMNW)

+ * 1291 – A Brabant gospel text has ''Stir din schep ten diepen'' “steer your boat into the deep”.^(VMNW)

+ * 1290–1310 – Reflexive ''hem sturen op'' means “to rely on”.^(EWN)

+ * 1432 – The spelling ''sturen'' is dated by Van der Sijs.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1573 – ''De beesten stueren'' “to drive the cattle” is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|steer]] a vehicle or vessel, to work its wheel or rudder: ''Hij stuurde de boot voorzichtig de haven in.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|send]], to make someone or something go somewhere: ''Ik stuur je morgen de foto's.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To control, to make a machine or process work as wanted.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' Of a ship or vehicle: to answer the helm.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[besturen]]

+ * [[bestieren]]

+ * [[sturing]]

+ * [[aansturen]]

+ * [[afsturen]]

+ * [[bijsturen]]

+ * [[doorsturen]]

+ * [[opsturen]]

+ * [[terugsturen]]

+ * [[versturen]]

+ * [[wegsturen]]

+ * [[stuurinrichting]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stuur]]

+ * [[stuurs]]

+ * [[stuurboord]]

+ * [[en|steer]]

+ * [[de|steuern]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Zijn kat sturen'' is to stay away from an appointment without notice, and ''iemand het bos in sturen'' to put someone off with a false story.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}