dokter Dutch · revision 37404

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1265–1270, Middle Dutch|origins=la doceō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈdɔk.tər/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dokter''' ''m'' (plural dokters or doktoren, diminutive doktertje n, feminine doktores)^(Wiktionary)

+ In the Brabant dialects of Belgium the word is ''doktoor''.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a Dutch adaptation of [[doctor]], [[inh|dum|doctoor|t=scholar, teacher]], [[bor|la|doctor|t=teacher]], an agent noun of [[m|la|doceō|t=to teach]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(MNW)^(Vercoullie 1925) In Latin the title was used first for teachers of the Church, then for doctors of law and finally for physicians; in the sense “physician” the Dutch word is a shortening of ⟨medicinae doctor⟩ or of Dutch ⟨doctoor in medecynen⟩.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(EWN)

+

+ The EWN explains the change to ⟨dokter⟩, with a reduced final vowel and ⟨k⟩ for ⟨c⟩, by the fact that people of every class used the word as a form of address, whereas ⟨doctor⟩ “holder of a doctorate” stayed in academic circles, where it was not Dutchified until the 20th century.^(EWN) Their meanings have since parted so far that a ⟨dokter⟩ need not hold a doctorate.^(EWN) The Brabant form ⟨doktoor⟩ rests on the oblique cases of the Latin word according to the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, but the EWN thinks the final stress of [[fr|docteur]] may have helped.^(WNT)^(EWN) German [[m|de|Doktor]] took the sense “physician” around 1500, first in a Strasbourg text.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle Dutch ''docter'' “scholar, teacher” is recorded from 1265–1270, and ''doctoor'' from the 15th century, as when a text of 1451 calls Christ the most beautiful of teachers.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(MNW) The sense “physician” first appears in 1576, in Coornhert's question ''Zijt ghy een medicus of doctor?'' “are you a medical student or a doctor?”.^(EWN)^(WNT)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|106)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Kiliaan in 1599 still knew ''doctor'' only as an academic title.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) A document of 1597 mentions the salary of the ''doctor'' and the surgeons, and the spelling with ⟨k⟩ is found in 1650; the EWN gives 1822 as the date of the modern form ''dokter''.^(EWN)

+

+ The older language also had ''doctor'' for a religious teacher and for the Church Fathers, and the phrase ''zich tot een doctor lachen'' “to laugh oneself silly” (1785), whose origin is unclear.^(WNT) A travelling quack could be called a ''Hongaarse dokter'' “Hungarian doctor”.^(WNT) By comparison the word was given to a hay assessor in North Holland, to a kind of cockchafer at Turnhout and to a scraper in paper making.^(WNT) Today it can also be used of someone who repairs objects or tries to put matters right.^(ANW)

+

+ The saying ''hij is met dat water al eens meer voor de dokter geweest'' “he has taken that water to the doctor before”, i.e. he has been through this before, recalls the time when doctors diagnosed from urine.^(Stoett 1923)

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+ ''Dokter'' is one of the most widely borrowed Dutch words: Indonesian ''dokter'', Javanese ''dhokter'', Minangkabau ''doto'', Papiamentu ''dòkter'', Sranan Tongo ''datra'', Negerhollands ''doktu'', and, through Afrikaans, Shona ''dhokotera''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1265–1270 – Middle Dutch ''docter'' “scholar, teacher” is recorded.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+ * 1451 – ''Doctoor'' “teacher” is used of Christ.^(MNW)

+ * 1576 – Coornhert uses ''doctor'' for a physician.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1597 – A document mentions the salary of the ''doctor'' and surgeons.^(EWN)

+ * 1599 – Kiliaan knows ''doctor'' only as an academic title.^(De Vries 1971)

+ * 1650 – The spelling ''Docter'' appears in a farce.^(EWN)

+ * 1785 – ''Zich tot een doctor lachen'' “to laugh oneself silly” is recorded.^(WNT)

+ * 1822 – The modern spelling ''dokter'' is recorded.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|physician]], a medical doctor; also used as a form of address: ''Ze ging met haar zoontje naar de dokter.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|general practitioner]], a family doctor ([[huisarts]]).^(ANW)

+ # Someone who repairs things or tries to put matters right.^(ANW)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dokteren]]

+ * [[huisdokter]]

+ * [[armendokter]]

+ * [[fondsdokter]]

+ * [[wetsdokter]]

+ * [[doktersjas]]

+ * [[doktersrekening]]

+ * [[doktersvisite]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[doctor]]

+ * [[arts]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}