nacht Dutch · revision 37403

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *nókʷts}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /nɑxt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''nacht''' ''m'' (plural nachten, diminutive nachtje n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|nacht]], [[inh|odt|naht]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*naht]], [[inh|gem-pro|*nahts|t=night]], [[inh|ine-pro|*nókʷts|t=night]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same noun is [[osx|naht]], [[goh|naht]] (modern [[de|Nacht]]), [[ofs|nacht]], [[ang|neaht]] or [[m|ang|niht]] (modern [[en|night]]), [[non|nátt]] and [[got|𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃|tr=nahts]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) Further cognates are [[la|nox]] (genitive ⟨noctis⟩), [[grc|νύξ|tr=núx]], [[lt|naktìs]], [[cu|нощь|tr=noštĭ]], [[sq|natë]] and [[hit|nekuz|t=in the evening]], among others.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) The zero grade of the root is found in [[ochtend]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ Kroonen describes the word as a static ⟨t⟩-stem, nominative *nókʷ-t-s, genitive *nékʷ-t-s.^(Kroonen 2013) Because of its likeness to the adjective [[gem-pro|*dinkwaz|alt=*dinkwa-|t=dark]], he suggests that it began as *dʰnogʷ-t- and lost its first consonant by dissimilation against the ⟨t⟩-suffix.^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The noun was originally feminine.^(WNT) Its genitive ending -s, as in ⟨’s nachts⟩, was taken from [[dag]];^(EWN)^(WNT) Old Dutch already pairs ⟨dages⟩ and ⟨nahtes⟩ “by day and by night”.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word is first recorded in the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms, in the verse ''naht nahti tund wistnom'' “night shows knowledge to night” (Psalm 19:2), and in ''an dag in an naht'' “by day and by night”.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch has ''al dise nacht'' “all this night” (1201–1225) and the adverb ''snachts'' “at night” (1266–1268).^(EWN) Time was also counted in nights, as in ''binnen vierthiene nachten'' “within fourteen days” (1277); this reckoning was kept especially in legal language, and Vercoullie links it with the Germanic custom of counting days by nights.^(EWN)^(WNT)^(Vercoullie 1925)

+

+ The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal separates a strict sense, the time the sun is below the horizon, from the everyday one, which leaves out evening and morning and lets the night begin when people go to bed.^(WNT) Night was a byword for ugliness (''zo lelijk als de nacht'', 1733) and for the greatest difference, ''als dag en nacht'' (1525).^(WNT) The proverb ''men moet niet over ijs van één nacht gaan'' “one should not walk on ice of a single night” warns against acting rashly; it goes back to 16th-century images of building on such ice.^(Stoett 1923)^(WNT)

+

+ Among Dutch Jews ''nacht'' is the end of the day, when three stars are visible, especially the end of the Sabbath, and ''nacht maken'' is to say the havdalah prayer.^(Beem 1974)^(Van de Kamp 2006) The word went into Negerhollands (''nacht'', ''nagt''), and Afrikaans has [[m|af|nag]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''naht'' appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1201–1225 – Middle Dutch ''al dise nacht'' “all this night” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1240 – The Bernardus glossary has the spelling ''nagt''.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|258)

+ * 1266–1268 – The adverb ''snachts'' “at night” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1277 – ''Binnen vierthiene nachten'' means “within a fortnight”.^(EWN)

+ * 1599 – Kiliaan has ''nacht-braecken'' “to work through the night”.^(EWN)

+ * 1642 – Ice formed in a single night is described.^(WNT)

+ * 1733 – ''Zo lelijk als de nacht'' “as ugly as the night” is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|night]], the time between sunset and sunrise: ''De nachten worden weer langer.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The part of the day between midnight and six in the morning.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # The time between going to bed and getting up: ''Na zo'n korte nacht was ze moe.''^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(Jewish usage)'' The end of the day, especially of the Sabbath.^(Van de Kamp 2006)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[nachtelijk]]

+ * [[nachtbraken]]

+ * [[nachtmerrie]]

+ * [[nachtschade]]

+ * [[nachtevening]]

+ * [[nachtdienst]]

+ * [[nachtjapon]]

+ * [[nachtkwartier]]

+ * [[nachtkaars]]

+ * [[vannacht]]

+ * [[gisternacht]]

+ * [[overnachten]]

+ * [[genachte]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ochtend]]

+ * [[en|night]]

+ * [[de|Nacht]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In ''bij nacht en ontij'' “at an unearthly hour” the second word meant an unsuitable time, Middle Dutch ''ontijt''.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) ''Van de nacht een dag maken'' is to do at night what one usually does by day.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}